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2013 North Korean nuclear test

Coordinates: 41°18′N 129°05′E / 41.30°N 129.08°E / 41.30; 129.08
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2013 North Korean nuclear test
Information
CountryNorth Korea
Test site41°18′N 129°05′E / 41.30°N 129.08°E / 41.30; 129.08,[1] Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, Kilju County
Period11:57:51, 12 February 2013 (2013-02-12T11:57:51) KST[1]
Number of tests1
Test typeUnderground
Device typeFission
Max. yield
Test chronology
[mapframe not available on SimWiki]
2km
1.2miles
South
West
East
North portal
6
5
4
3
2
1
[maplink not available on SimWiki]
Location of North Korea's nuclear tests[7][8]
1: 2006; 2: 2009; 3: 2013; 4: 2016-01; 5: 2016-09; 6: 2017;
V

On 12 February 2013, North Korean state media announced it had conducted an underground nuclear test, its third in seven years. A tremor that exhibited a nuclear bomb signature with an initial magnitude 4.9 (later revised to 5.1) was detected by the China Earthquake Networks Center,[9] Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization[10] and the United States Geological Survey.[1] In response, Japan summoned an emergency United Nations meeting for 12 February and South Korea raised its military alert status. It is not known whether the explosion was nuclear, or a conventional explosion designed to mimic a nuclear blast;[11] as of two days after the blast, Chinese, Japanese, and South Korean investigators had failed to detect any radiation.[12]

Test

On 12 February 2013, a spokesman for North Korea's army command said it had successfully conducted a third underground nuclear weapons test, according to the Yonhap.[13][14] North Korea also said the test had used a miniaturized nuclear device with greater explosive power.[15]

Before North Korea announced they had conducted the test, seismic activity had already been detected in North Korea by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the seismic network operated by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) Preparatory Commission, near the site of previous nuclear tests at Mantapsan in Kilju County. A large tremor, first estimated at magnitude of 4.9, was detected in North Korea, and governments in the region were trying to determine whether it was a third nuclear test. The USGS upgraded the magnitude of the possibly nuclear tremor from 4.9 to 5.1, located 24 kilometres (15 mi) east-northeast of Sungjibaegam, North Korea.[16] The tremor occurred at 11:57 am KST (2:57 am UTC), and the USGS said the hypocenter of the event was only one kilometer deep.[citation needed]

The China Earthquake Networks Center (Abbreviation: CENC; Chinese: 中国地震台网中心) also reported this event, putting the magnitude at Ms 4.9.[9] The tremor caused by the test could be felt by residents of the neighboring city of Hunchun and Antu, in Yanbian, Jilin Province, China.[17] The explosion was registered by 94 seismic stations and two infrasound stations in the CTBTO's global monitoring system.[18] The CTBTO radionuclide network later made a significant detection of radioactive noble gases that could be attributed to the nuclear test.[19][20]

Yield estimates

South Korea's defense ministry said the event reading indicated a blast of 6–7 kilotons,[16][21][22][23] later revised to 6–9 kilotons using the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization's calculation method.[24]

The Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources estimated the yield as 7.7–7.8 kilotons while the Japanese put the estimation between 8 and 10 kilotons.[2]

Some experts estimate the yield to be up to 15 kilotons, since the test site's geology is not well understood.[25] The Russian Defence Ministry said the power of North Korea's nuclear test blast "surpassed 7 kilotons".[26][27]

NORSAR compared the seismic data from all three North Korean nuclear tests and estimated the yield of the 2013 test as approximately 10 kilotons.[28]

The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, a state-run geology research institute in Germany, estimated the yield initially at 40 kilotons.[6][24][29] However, this estimation has since been revised to 14 kilotons of TNT (59 TJ)[5] after the January 2016 North Korean nuclear test was conducted.

On 19 June 2013, the University of Science and Technology of China released a report that claimed that they had found the precise location of the test at latitude 41°17′26.88″, longitude 129°4′34.68″, with an error margin of 94 meters and the yield at around 12.2 kt, with a margin of error of 3.8 kt.[3]

In comparison, the fission nuclear bombs dropped by the Enola Gay on Hiroshima (Little Boy, a "gun-type" nuclear bomb) and on Nagasaki by Bockscar (Fat Man, an "implosion-type" nuclear bomb) had blast yield equivalences of 16 and 21 kilotons respectively.[24]

Further tests

On 4 February 2013, a South Korean military official had stated that there was a "chance that the southern tunnel is a decoy, but we are not ruling out that the regime will conduct nuclear tests simultaneously at both tunnels".[30] On 15 February 2013, North Korea had told China that they were preparing for one or two more nuclear tests that year.[31] On 8 April 2013, South Korea had observed activity at Punggye-ri, suggesting that a fourth underground test was being prepared.[32] It was later believed that the tunneling activity that started in April was for a long-term project, and that a nuclear test wouldn't occur soon.[33]

According to a U.S. expert, North Korea has everything in place for a fourth explosion but is hesitating due to the fear that it would anger China.[34] A professor from Georgetown University predicted that test would occur in spring 2014 at latest.[35]

On 17 December 2013, a member of South Korea's parliamentary intelligence committee said that a nuclear and missile test would occur soon to draw attention away from the execution of Jang Sung-taek. This was said after North Korea floated propaganda leaflets to South Korea that threatened the annihilation of the island Baengnyeongdo.[36]

On 22 April 2014, South Korea reported that North Korea had stepped up its activity at its main nuclear test site, meaning they may be preparing for their fourth underground nuclear test.[37] The United States urged North Korea to refrain from testing.[38]

On 6 January 2016 North Korea says it has successfully carried out a hydrogen bomb test, which if confirmed, would have been a first for the country and a significant advancement for its nuclear program.[39] The test took place at 10 a.m. local time, the regime said in a televised statement. The seismic event, which measured the event at a magnitude of 5.1, occurred 19 kilometers (12 miles) east-northeast of Sungjibaegam, the United States Geological Survey said.[40] A senior U.S. administration told CNN it could take days to obtain the scientific data to determine whether this was a successful test.

Reactions

2013 Korean crisis
Part of the division of Korea post-armistice conflicts
DateJanuary 24, 2013 (2013-01-24) – August 14, 2013 (2013-08-14)
(6 months and 3 weeks)
Location
Korean Peninsula
Result

North Korea and South Korea resume operations at the Kaesong Industrial Complex.

Belligerents
Commanders and leaders

In response, Japan's Prime Minister, Shinzo Abe, called an urgent security meeting of the United Nations Security Council. The emergency session was to be held 9 am EST on 12 February 2013.[41] Tibor Toth, executive secretary of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission (CTBTO), confirmed the event's location was "roughly congruent with" nuclear tests carried out by North Korea in 2006 and 2009.[42] Japan's Kyodo News service reported the Japanese defense ministry had scrambled aircraft to hunt for radiation effects.[43] Japan's government held a national security council meeting in Tokyo according to NHK.[44] The South Korean military also raised its readiness level.[45] China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated it strongly opposed the test. Chinese foreign minister Yang Jiechi contacted the North Korean ambassador to China in protest.[46] In general, international reactions to the 2013 North Korean nuclear test have been almost uniformly negative.[47]

International reaction

Countries involved in the crisis

Reactions of countries formerly part of the six-party talks and playing key roles in the crisis:

  • File:Flag of the United States.svg United States: Caitlin Hayden, spokeswoman for the National Security Council of the United States said, "We take seriously these threats and we are in constant touch with our allies in South Korea." She also said her country would continue "taking additional measures against the threat of North Korea" as further reinforcement of the barrier Pacific missile.[48]
  • File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan: As the U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry visited Beijing, North Korea launched a new threat, this time to Japanese cities of Tokyo, Kyoto, and Osaka. During the visit, Kerry stated that North Korea will not be accepted as a nuclear power.[49] In response to the threats, Japan deployed antimissile batteries in several spots surrounding its capital, Tokyo.[50] Japan's Defence Minister, Itsunori Onodera, ordered the deployment of four Japanese Kongō-class destroyers to the Sea of Japan with orders to shoot down any North Korean missiles headed towards Japanese territory. The destroyers are equipped with the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System, and armed with SM-3 Block IA interceptors which are designed to intercept short to intermediate-range ballistic missiles.[51]
  • File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea: On January 1, 2013, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un announced in his New Year's speech an urge for South Korea to put an end to the confrontation between the two.[52] However, after the Security Council sanctions from the UN for the satellite launch Kwangmyongsong-3, North Korea conducted its third nuclear test and declared chancery on February 12 that it is a response to U.S. hostilities against the country,[53] after which the escalating conflict increased until reaching military exercises between the U.S. and South Korea, on which spokesman Supreme Commander EPC reported on March 21 that the exercises Key Resolve and Foal Eagle U.S. South Korea are responsible for carrying the conflict to the peninsula and to be taken as white islands Guam and Okinawa from where U.S. deploys its fleet of B-52 bombers and nuclear submarines.[54] On March 30 the government, political parties and other North Korean entities issued a statement announcing any provocation against North Korea by the U.S. and South Korea will be considered an invasion and will result in a "war without quarter" and would entail the use of nuclear weapons.[55]

Other countries

  • File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia: Bob Carr, Foreign Minister, said the UN Security Council had to impose tougher sanctions on North Korea following the regime's threat of a nuclear strike against the US and he said he will make a personal appeal for China to persuade North Korea to ratchet down its behaviour.[56]
  • File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China: Hong Lei, spokesman for the Chinese Foreign Ministry said it was hoped that "the parties to work together to lobby and get a turnaround in the currently tense situation." China defended the resumption of negotiations on the six-party talks, which include North and South Korea, China, Russia, the United States and Japan. Talks have been stalled since 2008 by North Korean decision.[57]
  • File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia: Colombia's Foreign Ministry released a statement condemning the use of force and disrespect of the Armistice of 1953. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs also issued a statement, saying, "We are deeply concerned about recent statements and actions of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, threatening stability and peace in the Korean Peninsula."[58]
  • File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba: The former Cuban leader, Fidel Castro, urged both parties to show restraint. He called the situation "incredible and absurd" and said that war would not benefit either side. "This is one of the gravest risks of nuclear war since the October Crisis in 1962 involving Cuba, 50 years ago."[59] He added: "If a conflict of that nature should break out there, the government of Barack Obama in his second mandate would be buried in a deluge of images which would present him as the most sinister character in the history of the United States. The duty of avoiding war is also his and that of the people of the United States."[60]
  • File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador: The Ecuadorian Foreign Ministry condemned the deteriorating situation between North Korea and South Korea, demanding that countries that possess nuclear weapons and threaten humanity destroy their weapons of mass extermination, appealing also to the United States, Russia and China not to exacerbate the tension in the region.[citation needed]
  • File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany: The Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle said that the North Korean government "should stop playing with fire" and that the German government was working with its partners to ensure that Pyongyang "[ends] their threats and abandon its nuclear program, which is in violation of international law ".[61]
  • File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg Holy See: On Easter Sunday March 31, Pope Francis in his Urbi et Orbi address called for peace and reconciliation over the escalating Korean crisis.[62]
  • File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran: Tehran says it wants to export oil to Pyongyang. Agreement is not yet reached.[63]
  • File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy: Foreign Minister Giulio Terzi strongly condemned saying that the test threatens regional stability and global security, and he also added that Italy with the United Nations will take action against North Korea nuclear plan.
  • File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico: On March 30, through a statement from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Mexican government asked for North Korea to resolve their disputes through "the path of dialogue and negotiation" and stated that Mexico "calls on all parties to show restraint and make all efforts that are within its power to prevent an escalation of this situation and to keep searching a final negotiated settlement on the Korean Peninsula."[64]
  • File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru: On March 30, a statement from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said the Peruvian government was in favor of dialogue and cooperation between North and South Korea and the resumption of six-party talks on the nuclear issue in that part of Asia.[65]
  • File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines: On April 5, Philippine President Benigno Aquino III ordered Foreign Affairs Secretary Albert del Rosario to the Philippine Embassy in Seoul to oversee the preparations for a possible evacuation of nearly 50,000 Filipinos currently in South Korea. Despite this, Aquino said that there is no reason for the public to be alarmed of the situation.[66] 8 days later, on the 13th, in a meeting with US State Secretary John Kerry, Philippine Defense Secretary Voltaire Gazmin offered the opening of military bases to US forces in the event of a war with North Korea.[67]
  • File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania: The Minister of Foreign Affairs recommended Romanians to avoid visits to North Korea.[68] Titus Corlățean conveyed to Kim Jong-un that is needed a relief to the current situation on the Korean Peninsula.[69]
  • File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia: Russia urged the United States and North Korea to show restraint. Russian foreign ministry official Grigory Logvinov stated, "We hope that all parties will exercise maximum responsibility and restraint and no one will cross the point of no return."[70] On April 8, in a joint news conference with German Chancellor Angela Merkel during his visit to a trade fair in Germany, President Putin said "I would make no secret about it, we are worried about the escalation on the Korean peninsula, because we are neighbors, And if, God forbid, something happens, Chernobyl which we all know a lot about, may seem like a child's fairy tale. Is there such a threat or not? I think there is... I would urge everyone to calm down... and start to resolve the problems that have piled up for many years there at the negotiating table"[71]
  • File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain: The Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, José Manuel García-Margallo, said that the European Union has urged North Korea to negotiate with all countries in the area to maintain "security and stability" in East Asia. He also said that "there is a huge concern in Spain, in the European Union and around the world race North Korean provocations." [citation needed]
  • File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg United Kingdom: Foreign Secretary William Hague has condemned North Korea's nuclear test, calling it a "violation of United Nations Security Council resolutions" and advocating a response by the UN Security Council.[72] He has also called on North Korea to "engage in credible and multilateral talk",[73] and dismissed calls for British Embassy staff to leave North Korea.[74]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "M5.1 Nuclear Explosion - 24km ENE of Sungjibaegam, North Korea". Earthquake Hazards Program. United States Geological Survey. 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "How Powerful Was N.Korea's Nuke Test?". The Chosun Ilbo. 14 February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Chinese underground nuclear test North Korea reached an unprecedented precision measurement". 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  4. ↑ "Russia says no danger to Far East residents over North Korea's nuclear test". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nordkorea: BGR registriert vermutlichen Kernwaffentest Archived 1 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine - BGR, 6 January 2016
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Nordkorea: BGR registriert vermutlichen Kernwaffentest Archived 16 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine - BGR (In German), 12 February 2013
  7. ↑ "Search Results". USGS.
  8. ↑ "North Korea's Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site: Analysis Reveals Its Potential for Additional Testing with Significantly Higher Yields". 38North. 10 March 2017.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "朝鲜(疑爆)Ms4.9地震" (in 中文). Archived from the original on 9 August 2014.
  10. ↑ "Press Release: On the CTBTO's detection in North Korea". CTBTO. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  11. ↑ Broad, William, "A Secretive Country Gives Experts Few Clues to Judge Its Nuclear Program", The New York Times, 12 February 2013. "As is usual with tests by the secretive North, it was not even clear if the underground test was nuclear, rather than conventional bomb blasts meant to mimic an underground nuclear test;"
  12. ↑ "BBC News - North Korea nuclear test: No radiation detected". bbc.co.uk. 14 February 2013. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  13. ↑ "(URGENT) N. Korea confirms it conducted third nuclear test". Yonhap News Agency. 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  14. ↑ "North Korea Nuclear Threat". 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  15. ↑ "N.Korea says test used miniaturised nuclear device with greater explosive force". Voice of Russia. 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "M5.1 – 24km ENE of Sungjibaegam, North Korea". USGS. 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  17. ↑ "吉林珲春市民感到晃动 老太错以为心脏病犯了_资讯频道_凤凰网". IFENG. 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  18. ↑ "Update on CTBTO findings related to the announced nuclear test by North Korea". CTBTO. 15 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  19. ↑ "CTBTO detects radioactivity consistent with 12 February announced North Korean nuclear test". CTBTO. 23 April 2013. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  20. ↑ "Gases "consistent with" North Korea's February test found: nuclear body". Reuters. 23 April 2013. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  21. ↑ Riviera, Gloria; Akiko, Fujita (12 February 2013). "North Korea Tremor Arouses Suspicion of Nuclear Test". ABC News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  22. ↑ Chance, David; Kim, Jack (12 February 2013). "China joins U.S., Japan in condemning North Korea nuclear test". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  23. ↑ MacLeod, Calum (12 February 2013). "Obama calls North Korea nuclear test a threat to U.S." USA Today. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Choi He-suk (14 February 2013). "Estimates differ on size of N.K. blast". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  25. ↑ "North Korea nuclear test raises uranium concerns". BBC News. 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  26. ↑ "Пхеньян устроил "безупречный" взрыв". Interfax. 12 February 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  27. ↑ Rozin, Igor (13 February 2013). "Russia condemns North Korea's new nuclear test". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  28. ↑ "Nuclear explosion in North Korea, February 12, 2013". NORSAR. 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  29. ↑ "Nuke test air samples are a bust". 15 February 2013. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  30. ↑ Ryall, Julian (4 February 2013). "North Korea 'preparing for two nuclear tests'". Telegraph. London. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  31. ↑ Kang, Benjamin (15 February 2013). "Exclusive: North Korea tells China of preparations for fresh nuclear test - source". Reuters. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  32. ↑ "Activity at North's nuke test site-INSIDE Korea JoongAng Daily". Koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com. 8 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  33. ↑ 38 North (25 June 2013). "New Tunneling Activity at the North Korean Nuclear Test Site". 38 North. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  34. ↑ Dahl, Fredrik (17 July 2013). Pfeiffer, Tom (ed.). "North Korea has everything in place for new atom test: U.S. expert". NBC News. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  35. ↑ Yonhap News Agency (13 November 2013). "N. Korea could conduct 4th nuclear test late this year: US expert". GlobalPost. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  36. ↑ David Stout (17 December 2013). "South Korean Official: The North is Preparing for Another Nuclear Test". TIME. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  37. ↑ Jethro Mullen; Stella Kim (22 April 2014). "North Korea steps up activity at its nuclear site, South says". CNN. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  38. ↑ "U.S. urges North Korea to refrain from new nuclear test". Reuters. 22 April 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  39. ↑ McKirdy, Euan (6 January 2016). "North Korea says it has conducted hydrogen bomb test". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  40. ↑ "M 5.1 Nuclear Explosion - 21 km ENE of Sungjibaegam, North Korea". Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  41. ↑ "Quake triggers doubts about North Korean nuclear test". Rediff News. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  42. ↑ "N.Korea seismic event shows 'explosion-like characteristics' -CTBTO". Trust.org. Retrieved 12 February 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  43. ↑ "'Artificial Earthquake' Suggests North Korea Just Tested a Nuclear Bomb". Atlantic Wire. 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  44. ↑ Seig, Linda (11 February 2013). "Japan holding security meeting after N.Korea nuclear test report: NHK". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  45. ↑ Song Sang-ho (12 February 2013). "N.K. has conducted 3rd nuke test". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  46. ↑ Huang, Kristin (4 September 2017). "How China reacted to previous North Korean nuclear tests". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 18 January 2026.
  47. ↑ Chance, David (13 February 2012). "North Korean nuclear test draws anger, including from China". Reuters.com. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  48. ↑ "White House responds to N. Korea's 'state of war' comment, says taking threat 'seriously'". Fox News. 30 March 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  49. ↑ "N. Korea threatens attack on Japan". RT. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  50. ↑ "PAC-3 batteries deployed as North Korea threatens missile launch". Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  51. ↑ "Japan's AEGIS Destroyers Ordered to Shoot Down North Korean Missiles Overflying Japan". Defense Update: - Military Technology & Defense News. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  52. ↑ Kim Jong Un calls end confrontation between the two Koreas (text in spanish)
  53. ↑ Declaration Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman
  54. ↑ spokesman Response KPA Supreme Command
  55. ↑ Special Declaration of the government, politicians and institutions birthed the DPRK
  56. ↑ "N Korea loads missiles onto launchers, tells Russia, Britain to evacuate embassies". news article, April 6, 2013. The Age National Times. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  57. ↑ "China calls reduce tensions on the Korean Peninsula". The National. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  58. ↑ "Colombia expressed concern and condemnation state of war in North Korea" (in Spanish). W Radio.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  59. ↑ "Fidel Castro to North Korea: nuclear war will benefit no one". The Guardian. Havana. 5 April 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  60. ↑ The duty to avoid a war in Korea
  61. ↑ "Westerwelle: North Korea 'playing with fire' – The Local". Thelocal.de. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  62. ↑ "Pope Francis appeals for end to Korea tensions in first Easter message". RT. 31 March 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  63. ↑ "Tehran and Pyongyang as well as Beijing and Washington are talking North Korea not ready for war". Eturbonews.com. 21 April 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  64. ↑ "MÉXICO HACE UN LLAMADO PARA RETOMAR LA VÍA DEL DIÁLOGO EN LA PENÍNSULA DE COREA" (in Spanish). 30 March 2013. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  65. ↑ "Peru condemns "use of force" against North Korean threats The Commerce". 30 March 2013.
  66. ↑ "Aquino: DFA chief to fly to Seoul to personally assess situation". Sun Star.com.ph. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
  67. ↑ France, Agence. "Manila offers US its military bases in case of North Korea war". InterAksyon.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  68. ↑ "Criza din Coreea de Nord: cine se crede Kim Jong-un?", Gândul.info, April 6, 2013
  69. ↑ "CRIZA NORD-COREEANĂ: Diplomații străini par hotărâți să rămână în post la Phenian, în pofida tensiunilor", Mediafax.ro, April 6, 2013
  70. ↑ MacAskill, Ewen (30 March 2013). "Russia urges US and North Korea to show restraint". The Guardian. Washington, D.C. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  71. ↑ "North Korea suspends last project with South, Putin cites Chernobyl". Reuters. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  72. ↑ "British Foreign Secretary William Hague Condemns North Korea Nuclear Test". Huffington Post. 12 February 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  73. ↑ "G8 talks: William Hague urges North Korea to 'engage in talks'". The Daily Telegraph. London. 11 April 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  74. ↑ "William Hague Urges Calm Over North Korea". The Guardian. London. 10 April 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
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