Ab urbe condita
Ab urbe condita (Latin: [ab ˈʊrbɛ ˈkɔndɪtaː]; 'from the founding of the City'), or anno urbis conditae (Latin: [ˈannoː ˈʊrbɪs ˈkɔndɪtae̯]; 'in the year since the city's founding'), abbreviated as AUC or AVC in Classical Latin inscriptions, expresses a date in years since 753 BC, the traditional founding of Rome.[1][2] It is an expression used in antiquity and by classical historians to refer to a given year in Ancient Rome. In reference to the traditional year of the foundation of Rome, the year 1 BC would be written AUC 753, whereas AD 1 would be AUC 754. The foundation of the Roman Empire in 27 BC would be AUC 727. The current year AD 2026 would be AUC 2779.
Usage of the term was more common during the Renaissance, when editors sometimes added AUC to Roman manuscripts they published, giving the false impression that the convention was commonly used in antiquity. In reality, the dominant method of identifying years in Roman times was to name the two consuls who held office that year.[3] In late antiquity, regnal years were also in use, as in Roman Egypt during the Diocletian era after AD 293, and in the Byzantine Empire from AD 537, following a decree by Justinian.
Use
Prior to the Roman state's adoption of the Varronian chronology – created by Titus Pomponius Atticus and Marcus Terentius Varro – there were many different dates posited for when the city was founded. This state of confusion required picking a canonical founding date for one to use an AUC date. The Varronian chronology, constructed from fragmentary sources and demonstrably about four years off of absolute events c. 340 BC,[4] placed the founding of the city on 21 April 753 BC. This date, likely arrived at by mechanical calculation but accepted with a variance of one year by the Augustan-era fasti Capitolini, has become the traditional date.[5]
From the time of Claudius (r. AD 41–54) onward, this calculation superseded other contemporary calculations. Celebrating the anniversary of the city became part of imperial propaganda. Claudius was the first to hold magnificent celebrations in honour of the anniversary of the city, in AD 47,[6][7] the eight hundredth year from the founding of the city.[8] Hadrian, in AD 121, and Antoninus Pius, in AD 147 and AD 148, held similar celebrations respectively.
In AD 248, Philip the Arab celebrated Rome's first millennium, together with Ludi saeculares for Rome's alleged tenth saeculum. Coins from his reign commemorate the celebrations. A coin by a contender for the imperial throne, Pacatianus, explicitly states "[y]ear one thousand and first", which is an indication that the citizens of the empire had a sense of the beginning of a new era, a Sæculum Novum.
Calendar era
The Anno Domini (AD) year numbering was developed by a monk named Dionysius Exiguus in Rome in AD 525 (AUC 1278), as a result of his work on calculating the date of Easter. Dionysius did not use the AUC convention, but instead based his calculations on the Diocletian era. This convention had been in use since AD 293, the year of the tetrarchy, as it became impractical to use regnal years of the current emperor.[9] In his Easter table, the year AD 532 (AUC 1285) was equated with the 248th regnal year of Diocletian. The table counted the years starting from the presumed birth of Christ, rather than the accession of the emperor Diocletian on 20 November AD 284 or, as stated by Dionysius: "sed magis elegimus ab incarnatione Domini nostri Jesu Christi annorum tempora praenotare" ("but rather we choose to name the times of the years from the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ").[10] Blackburn and Holford-Strevens review interpretations of Dionysius which place the Incarnation in 2 BC, 1 BC, or AD 1.[11]
The year AD 1 corresponds to AUC 754, based on the epoch of Varro. Thus:
| Year | Event | |
|---|---|---|
| AUC | BC/AD | |
| 1 | 753 BC | Founding of Rome |
| 244 | 510 BC | Overthrow of the Roman monarchy |
| 259 | 495 BC | Death in exile of King Lucius Tarquinius Superbus |
| 490 | 264 BC | Punic Wars |
| 709 | 45 BC | First year of the Julian calendar |
| 710 | 44 BC | The assassination of Julius Caesar |
| 727 | 27 BC | Augustus became the first Roman emperor, starting the Principate |
| 753 | 1 BC | Astronomical Year 0 |
| 754 | AD 1 | Approximate birth date of Jesus, approximated by Dionysius Exiguus in AD 525 (AUC 1278) |
| 832 | AD 79 | Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, and destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum |
| 901 | AD 148 | The emperor Antoninus Pius presided over the celebrations of the 900th anniversary of the founding of Rome. |
| 1000 | AD 247 | 999th Anniversary of the City of Rome |
| 1001 | AD 248 | In April 248 AD (April 1001 AUC), the emperor Philip had the honour of leading the celebrations of the 1,000th anniversary of Rome. |
| 1037 | AD 284 | Diocletian became Roman emperor, starting the Dominate |
| 1229 | AD 476 | Fall of the Western Roman Empire to the armies of Odoacer |
| 1246 | AD 493 | Establishment of the Ostrogothic Kingdom |
| 1306 | AD 553 | Italy under Eastern Roman control |
| 1507 | AD 754 | Foundation of the Papal States |
| 1553 | AD 800 | Creation of the Holy Roman Empire |
| 1824 | AD 1071 | Defeat of the Eastern Romans at the Battle of Manzikert |
| 1930 | AD 1177 | Papal States became independent from the Holy Roman Empire |
| 1957 | AD 1204 | Sack of Constantinople by the Crusaders |
| 2001 | AD 1248 | 2,000th Anniversary of the City of Rome |
| 2014 | AD 1261 | Recovery of Constantinople by the Eastern Romans |
| 2206 | AD 1453 | Fall of the Eastern Roman Empire. Ottoman sultan Mehmed II claimed the title caesar of Rome (Ottoman Turkish: قیصر روم, romanized: qayṣar-i rūm) |
| 2335 | AD 1582 | First year of the Gregorian calendar |
| 2247–2312 | AD 1494–1559 | Italian Wars |
| 2545–2554 | AD 1792–1801 | Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars |
| 2556–2568 | AD 1803–1815 | Napoleonic Wars |
| 2574–2583 | AD 1820–1829 | Greek War of Independence. The dominant self-identity of the Greeks was still Rhōmaîoi or Romioi.[12] |
| 2576 | AD 1822 | Proclamation of the First Hellenic Republic |
| 2585 | AD 1832 | Foundation of the Kingdom of Greece |
| 2601–2624 | AD 1848–1871 | Italian unification, also known as the Risorgimento (Italian: 'Resurgence') |
| 2614 | AD 1861 | Foundation of the Kingdom of Italy |
| 2667–2671 | AD 1914–1918 | World War I |
| 2672-2675 | AD 1919–1922 | Greco-Turkish War |
| 2675 | AD 1922 | Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate [a] |
| 2676 | AD 1923 | Population exchange between Greece and Turkey |
| 2677 | AD 1924 | Proclamation of the Second Hellenic Republic |
| 2682 | AD 1929 | Creation of the Sovereign City-State of the Vatican |
| 2688 | AD 1936 | Restoration of the Kingdom of Greece |
| 2692–2698 | AD 1939–1945 | World War II |
| 2699 | AD 1946 | Proclamation of the Italian Republic |
| 2711 | AD 1958 | Italy joined the European Union. |
| 2727 | AD 1974 | Proclamation of the Third Hellenic Republic. |
| 2734 | AD 1981 | Greece joined the European Union. |
| 2778 | AD 2025 | Last year |
| 2779 | AD 2026 | Current year |
| 2780 | AD 2027 | Next year |
See also
Notes
- ↑ Urban Ottoman Turks identified as *Rûmî* (meaning "Romans") during the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries; however, from the 18th century onwards, this identification fell out of use among Turks, who began to apply the term exclusively to the Greek and Christian population of the Ottoman Empire. With the abolition of the sultanate, the Turkish sultans' claim to the title of Caesars of Rome was also abolished.
References
- ↑ "Definition of AB URBE CONDITA". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
- ↑ "Definition of ANNO URBIS CONDITAE". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
- ↑ Flower, Harriet I. (2014). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 9781107032248.
- ↑ Forsythe, Gary (2005). A critical history of early Rome. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-520-94029-1. OCLC 70728478.
- ↑ Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. London: Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 0-415-01596-0. OCLC 31515793. Varro likely arrived at 753 BC by counting seven generations of 35 years from his date for the founding of the republic in 509 BC.
- ↑ Tacitus, Cornelius. Furneaux, Henry (ed.). Annals XI (in Latina) (1907 ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 17.
ludi saeculares octingentesimo post Romam conditam
- ↑ Bilynskyj Dunning, Susan (20 November 2017). "saeculum". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8233. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link) - ↑ Hobler, Francis (1860). Records of Roman history, from Cnaeus Pompeius to Tiberius Constantinus, as exhibited on the Roman coins. London: John Bowyer Nichols. p. 222.
- ↑ Thomas, J. David (January 1971). "On Dating by Regnal Years of Diocletian, Maximian and the Caesars". Chronique d'Égypte (in français). 46 (91): 173–179. doi:10.1484/J.CDE.2.308234. ISSN 0009-6067.
- ↑ Migne, Jacques-Paul. 1865. Liber de Paschate (Patrologia Latina 67), p. 481, § XX, note f
- ↑ Blackburn, B. & Holford-Strevens, L, The Oxford Companion to the Year (Oxford University Press, 2003 corrected reprinting, originally 1999), pp. 778–780.
- ↑ Makrygiannis, Strategus (1849). Memoirs (book 1). Athens. p. 117
External links
- Wiktionary logo The dictionary definition of ab urbe condita at Wiktionary
- CS1 Latina-language sources (la)
- CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN
- CS1 français-language sources (fr)
- Use dmy dates from October 2021
- Pages with Latin IPA
- 1st-century BC establishments in the Roman Empire
- 8th century BC in the Roman Kingdom
- Calendar eras
- Chronology
- Latin words and phrases
- Roman calendar
- Diocletian