Jump to content

Badhan, Sanaag

From Tilcayo Cats, the lean encyclopaedia by Tilcayo Knowledge Systems
Badhan
Baran
برن
City
[mapframe not available on SimWiki]
Interactive map of Badhan
Coordinates: 10°42′50″N 48°20′5″E / 10.71389°N 48.33472°E / 10.71389; 48.33472
CountryFile:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia
RegionSanaag
DistrictBadhan[1]
Government
 • TypeLocal Council
 • MayorAwed Ali Hiirey[2][3]
Population
 (2020)[4]
 • Total
65,500
Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)
Footnotes:

Badhan (Somali: Badhan; Arabic: برن), also known as Baran, is a city in the Sanaag region.[5][6][7][8]

Overview

Badhan is located in eastern Sanaag, an area disputed between Somaliland and Puntland, but has been under the de facto administration of Puntland for many years.[9] Puntland administered local council elections in the city on 25 May 2023.[9][10][2][11]

The town is inhabited by the Warsangali sub-clan of the Harti/Darod.[12][13] It serves as an administrative and educational center for the East Sanaag area, and contains a branch campus of the Somali National University.[14][15] It is also a transit hub for road networks in the region.[16]

Demographics

The UrbanStats project estimates the population of Badhan at 65,500, based on satellite imagery analysis rather than administrative boundaries.[4]

The primary inhabitants of Badhan and its surrounding areas are the Warsangali clan (Harti/Darod).[17][18][13] The town is used as a venue for Warsangali clan meetings.[19]

Livestock farming is the primary economic activity in the region. During droughts, pastoralists relocate near water sources, which often leads to increases in water prices.[20]

Transport and logistics

Badhan is a transit point on the route between the coastal town of Las Khorey and Erigavo.[21] Road construction has been ongoing to link El Dahir, Badhan, and Erigavo.[22] El Dahir connects the interior of Sanaag to the main highway linking Bosaso, Qardho, and Garowe.[23]

Politics

Main articles: Somaliland-Puntland dispute and Maakhir

Badhan is a political center for the Warsangali clan and serves as a base for Puntland authorities in eastern Sanaag. While Somaliland maintains a nominal administrative claim and has appointed a mayor for Badhan, actual governance has been contested.[24] Customary movements within the Warsangali clan have previously sought independent administrative structures, such as the Maakhir state between 2007 and 2009.[25]

The city has a local council, which elects the mayor.[26] Political contestation has led to security incidents; in September 2019, Puntland security forces arrested Somaliland's deputy governor for Badhan, and in January 2021, Puntland deployed military units to prevent Somaliland from conducting voter registration in the district.[27][2][10]

Mayor

Badhan is claimed by both Somaliland and Puntland, each with its own governor who orders it. Badhan mayor and Badhan district governor mean the same thing.

Somaliland

Name Somali name Term of office
Took office Left office Time in office
Abdale Mahamed Fatah Cabdalle Maxamed Faatax
Abdihakim Ahmed Mahamud (Abdihakim Wahabi) Cabdixakiin Axmed Maxamuud (Cabdixakiin Wahaabi) Feb. 2017 (died in office)[28]
Ali Husein Mahamed (Ali Somali) Cali Xuseen Maxamed (Cali Soomaali) Mar. 2017[29] May 2019[30] 2 years, 2 months
Mahamud Hamud Umar Maxamuud Xaamud Cumar Jun. 2019[31] Incumbent 7 years, 3 months

Puntland

Name Somali name Term of office
Took office Left office Time in office
Abdirisak Ahmed Isse Cabdirisaaq Axmed Ciise[32]
Ahmed Mahamed Timir Axmed Maxamed Timir Sep. 2019[33]
Awed Ali Hiirey Cawed Cali Xiirey Sep.2023 Incumbent 3 years, 1 month

Education

The Somali National University has a branch campus in Badhan.[34][35] Funding for the campus included a $6 million grant from the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development, following an agreement between the fund and the Federal Government of Somalia, with construction managed by the Puntland authorities.[36] The campus announced its academic programs and student admissions in September 2023,[37][38] and held a district sports tournament in November 2023.[39]

Media

Local and regional media outlets operating in Badhan include Radio Daljir, Puntland State TV, and SBC Somali TV. National broadcasters such as Somali National Television (SNTV) and Radio Mogadishu also cover events in the city.[40][41]

Notable residents

History

Until Somalia independence

Prior to the colonial period, the Badhan area was part of the Warsangali Sultanate in eastern Sanaag.[25]: 130 

During the Dervish movement in the 1910s, Mohammed Abdullah Hassan's forces established a military fort in Badhan.[55]

In 1933, a severe drought led the British protectorate administration to open a relief camp in Badhan, which housed between 2,500 and 3,000 people.[55] In 1945, local pastoralists from Zeila to Badhan protested against the administration's anti-locust campaigns that used poisoned bait, resulting in unrest in several localities.[55]

Official surveys from 1951 recorded Badhan as a permanent settlement at approximately 10°43′N, 48°20′E.[56]: 18 

Until Somali civil war (1960–1991)

Following Somali independence in 1960, Badhan was administered as an inland township of eastern Sanaag. In the 1970s, heavy rains caused severe flooding in the interior, prompting the government of Siad Barre to relocate the population of Xubeera to Badhan.[57]: 20 

The 1974–1975 Abaartii Dabadheer drought also affected northern Somalia, leading to relief operations and population movements across Sanaag’s pastoral zones around Badhan.[58][59]

Somali Civil War and Somaliland's founding

Through the 1980s, while conflict intensified elsewhere, districts inhabited by the Warsangeli in and around Badhan remained largely free from fighting up to the collapse of the central government in 1991.[60]

After the Republic of Somaliland's 1991 declaration of independence, authority in the far east of the claimed territory remained uneven. Through most of the 1990s, the Somaliland administration largely left the Dhulbahante and Warsangali areas of Sool and eastern Sanaag to local customary leadership and arrangements around Badhan.[25][61] Peace conferences during 1990–1997 stabilized much of Somaliland, but eastern Sanaag remained only partially integrated into Hargeisa's structures.[62][63]

In the wider north-east, Harti–Darod constituencies, including the Warsangali around Badhan, participated in the process that led to the founding of the Puntland State in 1998, which developed from clan conferences and security coordination among Majeerteen, Dhulbahante and Warsangali leaders.[64][65][66]

After Puntland’s founding (1998–2007)

Following the creation of Puntland in 1998, Badhan and the surrounding Warsangali-inhabited interior of eastern Sanaag developed links to Puntland's administration alongside local customary authority.[67][61]

In November 2005, BBC Somali noted extreme water prices in Sanaag including Badhan district, reflecting depleted catchments and the cost of trucking water to inland settlements.[68]

In parallel with Puntland's structures, Somaliland sought to project administrative claims eastwards in the early 2000s, creating a nominal "Badhan" region, while Puntland announced the Haylan region; on the ground, Warsangali communities around Badhan continued to manage affairs through their own councils and elders.[61]

Amid frictions with Puntland over resources and security, Warsangali leaders declared the short-lived Maakhir State in mid-2007, naming Badhan its hub; the announcement followed communal meetings in Badhan and Dhahar in early July 2007.[69][25]

Somaliland and Puntland (2008–2017)

In February 2008, Somaliland troops entered Badhan following a Puntland withdrawal, changing the control of the interior of eastern Sanaag around the town.[70]

In June 2013, Somaliland forces took control of Badhan district from Puntland forces.[71] Later that year, a visit by a Puntland presidential candidate drew protests from Somaliland-focused media for violating Somaliland's sovereignty claims.[72]

In March 2014, Somaliland troops again entered Badhan, and the situation subsequently stabilized.[73]

On 19 October 2015, eight members of the Somaliland National Electoral Commission were detained by Puntland authorities in Badhan district and released shortly thereafter.[74]

In mid-2016, Somaliland proceeded with elements of its voter registration rollout in eastern Sanaag. On 18 July 2016, the Somaliland-appointed Badhan mayor stated that registration was proceeding across the district,[75] and on 17 July 2016 Somaliland's defense minister visited Badhan amid tensions in eastern Sanaag.[76]

In February 2017, the Somaliland-appointed Badhan district governor died in Hargeisa.[77]

Puntland's administrative (2018–2023)

In 2018, Puntland authorities increased their administrative presence in Badhan. On 20 September 2018, the Puntland cabinet held a formal session in Badhan, and the following day a presidential delegation arrived in the town.[78][79] In early 2018, Somalia's federal planning minister also visited Badhan and Dhahar with Puntland officials.[80]

On 30 May 2019, the Somaliland-appointed governor of Badhan resigned and joined Puntland,[24] and on 5 September 2019, the Badhan district council elected Ahmed Mohamed Timir as mayor in a process administered by Puntland's Ministry of Interior.[26] Days later, Puntland security forces arrested Somaliland's deputy governor for Badhan district.[27]

In January 2021, Puntland deployed forces to Badhan to prevent Somaliland's voter registration, and a delegation led by the Speaker of the Puntland Parliament visited the town.[2][10] Puntland authorities announced the deployment of police units to Badhan on 17 June 2021 to reinforce local security.[81] On 20 October 2021, local elders in Badhan issued a public statement separating the town from reported evictions in Erigavo.[82]

On 25 May 2023, the Transitional Puntland Electoral Commission (TPEC) conducted direct municipal elections in Badhan as part of the state's local polls.[9][83][84]

Recent History (2024–)

During 2024–2025, tensions occurred between Puntland and the federal government over constitutional amendments. Puntland announced a freeze in cooperation with federal institutions in March and April 2024, but local administration in Badhan functioned under Puntland's framework.[85][86]

In October 2024, an armed clash occurred outside Badhan between Puntland forces and troops aligned with the self-proclaimed Maakhir authorities, resulting in a standoff without major casualties initially reported.[87][88] In the broader Sanaag area, further confrontations occurred in mid-2025 around Ceelbuh due to disputes over administrative alignment.[89]

References

  1. ↑ "Somalia Reference Map - Ceerigaabo District (22 Feb 2012)". ReliefWeb. OCHA. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Somalia's Puntland Army Takes Over Badhan to Block Somaliland Parliamentary, Municipal Elections". MENAFN. 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  3. ↑ "Duqa degmada Badhan ee gobolka Sanaag ayaa dhagax dhigay xarumo waxbarasho iyo caafimaad" [The mayor of Badhan district in Sanaag region laid the foundation stone for educational and health centres]. Facebook (in Somali). Retrieved 20 April 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Badhan Metropolitan Cluster, Somalia". Urban Stats. UrbanStats. Retrieved 2025-10-06. Population: 65,500; source noted as "GHS-POP 2023A (EC-JRC)"
  5. ↑ "Badhan, Somalia - Geographical Names, map, geographic coordinates". geographic.org. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  6. ↑ MENAFN. "Severe Drought Threatens Somaliland Eastern Regions". menafn.com. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  7. ↑ Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland - Contested Borderlands (PDF). p. 130. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  8. ↑ "Badhan Smart Survey 2019 Final Report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-24.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Somalia - May 2023". International IDEA. May 2023. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "The Puntland Speaker visiting Badhan district". Somali Dispatch. January 2021. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  11. ↑ Somalia: Security Situation (PDF) (Report). EUAA – European Union Agency for Asylum. June 2025. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  12. ↑ Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Visions (PDF). Rift Valley Institute. p. 130. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Mahmood, Omar S. (December 2019). Overlapping claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The case of Sool and Sanaag (Report). East Africa Report 27. Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  14. ↑ "Shirka guddiga Sare ee Jaamacadda Umadda Soomaaliyeed oo Muqdisho lagusoo gabagabeeyay". Hiiraan Online. January 2021. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  15. ↑ "BADHAN & WAXBARASHADA CASRIGA AH: Jaamacadda Ummadda, faraca Badhan". Radio Daljir. January 2021. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  16. ↑ Somalia Reference Map – Ceerigaabo District (Sanaag) (Map). UNOCHA. February 2012. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  17. ↑ Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Visions (PDF). Rift Valley Institute. p. 130. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  18. ↑ "Sanaag". European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA). 2023. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  19. ↑ "Beelaha Warsangali oo go'aamo culus ka soo saaray xaalada siyaasadeed ee gobolka Sanaag". Radio Daljir. June 2019. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  20. ↑ "High cost of water adds burden to struggling pastoralists in remote part of northern Somalia's Sanaag". Radio Ergo. August 2018. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  21. ↑ Somalia Reference Map – Ceerigaabo District (Sanaag) (Map). UNOCHA. February 2012. Retrieved 2025-10-05.
  22. ↑ "Ceel-daahir iyo dhismaha wadooyinka isku xidhaya Badhan iyo Ceerigaabo" (in Soomaaliga). Allsanaag. Retrieved 2025-10-05.
  23. ↑ Somalia – Flood Access Constraints Map (PDF) (Map). Logistics Cluster (WFP). 2011-06-01. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Gudoomiyihii Somaliland ee Badhan oo "is-casilay" kuna biiray Puntland". Garowe Online. May 2019. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Visions (PDF). Rift Valley Institute. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Golaha deegaanka Badhan oo doortay duq cusub". Puntland Mirror. September 2019. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Puntland oo Badhan ku xirtay Mas'uul ka tirsan Somaliland". Radio Dalsan. September 2019. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  28. ↑ "Ku-simaha Madaxweynaha oo ka Hadlay Shakhsiyadii Badhasaabkii Badhan oo Geeriyooday". Wargeyska Dawan. 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  29. ↑ "FAAFINTA RASMIGA AH 01/04/2017" (PDF). Somaliland. 2017-04-01. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  30. ↑ "Gudoomiyihii Somaliland ee Badhan oo "is-casilay" kuna biiray Puntland". Garowe Online. 2019-05-30. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  31. ↑ "Isku shaandheyn kooban oo lagu sameeyey masuuliyiin ka tirsan xukuumadda Somaliland". Hiiraan online. 2019-06-22. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  32. ↑ "WAFTI KA SOCDA PUNTLAND OO SI DIIRAN LOOGU SOO DHAWEEYEY BADHAN G/SANAAG". Puntland Post. 2017-11-12. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  33. ↑ "PUNTLAND: HAWEENEYDII UGU HORREYSAY OO XIL SARE KA QABATA DOWLADAHA HOOSE". Puntland Post. 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  34. ↑ "Badhan & Waxbarashada Casriga Ah: Jaamacadda Ummadda, faraca Badhan". Radio Daljir. January 2021. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  35. ↑ Sheikh, Abdiwelli (January 2021). "Shirka guddiga Sare ee Jaamacadda Umadda Soomaaliyeed oo Muqdisho lagusoo gabagabeeyay". Hiiraan Online. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  36. ↑ "Signature of Grant Agreements in The Federal Republic of Somalia". Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. February 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-02-13. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  37. ↑ "PUBLIC NOTICE - SOMALI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BADHAN". X (formerly Twitter). Radio Daljir. September 2023. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  38. ↑ "Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed, Faraceeda Puntland–Badhan: Qorshaha qaadashada barayaal". Allsanaag.com. September 2025. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  39. ↑ "Koobka Xaafadaha Degmada Badhan & Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed, Faraca Puntland oo soo dhamaday". Radio Daljir. November 2023. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  40. ↑ "Shir loogahadlayay horumarinta gobolka Sanaag oo lagu qabtay magaalada Badhan". Somali National Television (SNTV). June 2021. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  41. ↑ Hassan, Mohamed (January 2020). "Arday u fadhiisatay Imtixaanka aqbalaadda ee Jaamacadda Ummadda faraceeda Puntland". Radio Mogadishu. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  42. ↑ "Mohammed Abdullah Hassan". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1998. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  43. ↑ Hoehne, Markus V. (2014). "An appraisal of the 'Dervish state' in northern Somalia (1899–1920)" (PDF). University of Leipzig Working Paper. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  44. ↑ Millman, Brock (2014). British Somaliland: An Administrative History, 1920–1960 (PDF). Routledge. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  45. ↑ Hunt, John Anthony (1951). A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944–1950. Somaliland Protectorate Survey Dept. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  46. ↑ "Waxqabadkii Cabdulaahi Qablan". Allsanaag.com. 2020-04-06. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  47. ↑ "How many states for the north?". Africa Confidential. 2007-10-19. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  48. ↑ "Fatima Jibrell". Goldman Environmental Prize. 2021. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  49. ↑ "Our Founder". 2025. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  50. ↑ "Somalia: Kuwaiti Company to Construct Airport, University in Puntland". Garowe Online via AllAfrica. 2014-04-14. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  51. ↑ "Somalia: Timeline for Garowe airport improvement project". Garowe Online. 2015-12-27. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  52. ↑ Puntland's Political Transformation (PDF) (Report). Interpeace. 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  53. ↑ "A federal minister visits Sanaag region". Goobjoog News. 2018-01-02. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  54. ↑ Somalia–Somaliland: The Perils of Delaying New Talks (Report). International Crisis Group. 2019-07-12. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Jama, Mohamed (2004). "The Political Ecology of Colonial Somaliland". Journal of the International African Institute. 74 (4): 534–566. doi:10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.534. JSTOR 3556841. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  56. ↑ John Anthony Hunt (1951). "A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944–1950". Somaliland Protectorate Survey Department. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  57. ↑ Oduori, Simon Mumuli; Musse Shaie Alim; Nathalie Gomes (February 2006). "Environmental Study of Degradation in the Sool Plateau and Gebi Valley: Sanaag region of Northern Somalia" (PDF). Horn Relief / FAO SWALIM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  58. ↑ Axmad Dalmar (2017-03-07). "Abaartii Dabadheer, 1974–1975: Xeryihii gargaarka (Beer iyo Caynabo) iyo kaalintii takhaatiirta". WardheerNews (in Soomaaliga). Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  59. ↑ "Enumerator Manual – Somali Population Estimation Survey (PESS) 2013". Federal Government of Somalia, Directorate of National Statistics. 2013. p. 39. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  60. ↑ Mark Bradbury (1994). Background to the Somali War (PDF) (Report). Oxfam. pp. H.1 – H.2. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland – Contested Borderlands (PDF) (Report). Rift Valley Institute. p. 124. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  62. ↑ Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building (PDF) (Report). Interpeace / Academy for Peace and Development. 2008. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  63. ↑ Progressive Realisation? The Somaliland State (PDF) (Report). ODI. 2011. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  64. ↑ Puntland's Political Transformation: Taking the First Steps toward Democratic Elections (Report). Interpeace / PDRC. 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  65. ↑ The Puntland Experience: A Bottom-up Approach to Peace and State-building (PDF) (Report). Interpeace / PDRC. July 2008. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  66. ↑ Somalia: The Trouble with Puntland (PDF) (Report). International Crisis Group. 2009-08-12. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  67. ↑ Puntland's Political Transformation: Taking the First Steps toward Democratic Elections (Report). Interpeace / PDRC. 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  68. ↑ "Biyo la'aan ka dhacday gobollada Sanaag" (in Soomaaliga). BBC News Somali. 2005-11-16. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  69. ↑ "The irrelevancy of Somaliland". Hiiraan Online (Opinion). 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  70. ↑ "Badhan: Socdaalka Wasiirka Kaluumaysiga iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqyada Ciiddamada" (in Soomaaliga). Somaliland Horta. 2008-02-25. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  71. ↑ "Somaliland Takes over the Control of Badhan in Eastern Sanaag". Somalia Diaspora News (Qurbejoog). 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  72. ↑ "Puntland Presidential Contestant Violates Somaliland Sovereignty". Somaliland Sun. 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  73. ↑ "Xaalada magaalada Badhan oo deggan ka dib markii ay Ciidamada Somaliland gudaha u galeen" (in Soomaaliga). Berbera News. 2014-03-22. Archived from the original on 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  74. ↑ "Madaxdii lagu afduubtay Badhan oo la daayay" (in Soomaaliga). BBC News Somali. 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  75. ↑ "Guddoomiyaha Gobolka Badhan oo jawaab ka bixiyay warar ka soo yeedhay Puntland" (in Soomaaliga). Afka Shacabka. 2016-07-18. Archived from the original on 2023-04-27. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  76. ↑ "Wasiirka Gaashandhigga Somaliland oo tagey Badhan, xiisad ka taagan Sanaag Barri". Garowe Online. 2016-07-17. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  77. ↑ "Ku-simaha Madaxweynaha oo ka Hadlay Shakhsiyadii Badhasaabkii Badhan oo Geeriyooday" (in Soomaaliga). Wargeyska Dawan. 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  78. ↑ "Shirka Golaha Wasiiradda Puntland Oo Ka Dhacay Magaaladda Badhan Ee Gobolka Sanaag" (in Soomaaliga). Oodweyne Media. 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  79. ↑ "Madaxweynaha Puntland iyo Wefdigiisa oo Si Diiran Loogu Soo Dhoweeyey degmada Badhan – Sawiro". Horseed Media. 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  80. ↑ "Wasiirka Qorsheynta iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ee Soomaaliya oo booqanaya Sool iyo Sanaag" (in Soomaaliga). BBC News Somali. 2018. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  81. ↑ "Puntland oo ciidano boolis ah ku daabushay Badhan" (in Soomaaliga). Garowe Online. 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  82. ↑ "Badhan elders distance themselves from Sanaag evictions". Hiiraan Online. 2021-10-20. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  83. ↑ "Explainer – What historic local elections mean for democracy in Somalia". International IDEA. 2023-07-19. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  84. ↑ "Integrated Electoral Support Group (IESG) Newsletter, April–June 2023" (PDF). UNDP. 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  85. ↑ "Somalia's Puntland refuses to recognise federal government after disputed constitutional changes". Reuters. 2024-03-31. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  86. ↑ "Somalia accused of 'threatening national unity' with new constitution". The Guardian. 2024-04-05. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  87. ↑ "Fighting erupts in Badhan as Puntland and Maakhir forces clash over territory". Hiiraan Online. 2024-10-14. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  88. ↑ "Clash Breaks Out in Badhan District, Sanaag Region Amid Tensions Between Puntland Forces and Makhir State Authorities". Mustaqbal Media. 2024-10-14. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  89. ↑ "Clashes erupt in Sanaag region between Puntland forces and pro-SSC administration politicians". Hiiraan Online. 2025-07-05. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
Retrieved from "https://tilcayo.cat/w/index.php?title=Badhan,_Sanaag&oldid=104171"
This page contains text imported from the English Wikipedia (source revision 1362497722). Its authors are credited under CC BY-SA 4.0: see the attribution record.