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Bagrationovsk

Coordinates: 54°24′N 20°38′E / 54.400°N 20.633°E / 54.400; 20.633
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Bagrationovsk
Багратионовск
Town[1]
Coat of arms of Bagrationovsk
Coat of arms
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Interactive map of Bagrationovsk
Location of Bagrationovsk
Bagrationovsk (Kaliningrad Oblast)
Coordinates: 54°24′N 20°38′E / 54.400°N 20.633°E / 54.400; 20.633
CountryRussia
Federal subjectKaliningrad Oblast[1]
Administrative districtBagrationovsky District[1]
Town of district significanceSelsovietBagrationovsk[1]
Founded1325[2]
Town status since1585[3]
Population
 (2010 Census)[4]
 • Total
6,400
 • Capital ofBagrationovsky District,[1] town of district significance of Bagrationovsk[1]
 • Municipal districtBagrationovsky Municipal District[5]
 • Urban settlementBagrationovskoye Urban Settlement[5]
 • Capital ofBagrationovsky Municipal District,[5] Bagrationovskoye Urban Settlement[5]
Postal code[6]
238420
Websitegorod-bagrat.ru

Bagrationovsk (Russian: Багратио́новск; German: Preußisch Eylau, lit. 'Prussian Eylau';[7] Polish: Pruska Iława or Iławka; Lithuanian: Ylava or Prūsų Ylava) is a town and the administrative center of Bagrationovsky District in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located close to the border with Poland, 37 kilometers (23 mi) south of Kaliningrad, the administrative center of the oblast. It has a population of 6,400 (2010 census).[4]

History

Early history

Historical affiliations

File:Flag of the Teutonic Order.svg Teutonic Order 1325–1454
File:Kingdom of Poland-flag.svg Kingdom of Poland 1454–1455
File:Flag of the Teutonic Order.svg Teutonic Order 1455–1525
File:Flag of Ducal Prussia.svg Duchy of Prussia 1525–1701
File:Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg Kingdom of Prussia 1701–1758
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire 1758–1762
File:Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg Kingdom of Prussia 1762–1871
File:Flag of the German Empire.svg German Empire 1871–1918
File:Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg Weimar Republic 1918–1933
File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg Nazi Germany 1933–1945
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland 1945
File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union 1946–1991
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russian Federation 1991-present

In 1325, the Teutonic Knights built an Ordensburg castle called "Yladia"[3] or "Ilaw", later known as "Preussisch Eylau", in the center of the Old Prussian region Natangia. 'Ylow' is the Old Prussian term for 'mud' or 'swamp'. The settlement nearby developed in 1336,[2][8] but in 1348 the Teutonic Order gave the privilege to establish twelve pubs in the area around the castle. Although the settlement had only a few inhabitants, due to its central position it was often used as meeting place for officials of the Order.

In 1454, King Casimir IV Jagiellon incorporated the region to the Kingdom of Poland upon the request of the Prussian Confederation, which rebelled against the Teutonic Order.[9] During the subsequent Thirteen Years' War, in 1455, Teutonic Knights regained control of the settlement. The castle was besieged on 24 May 1455 by troops of the Prussian Confederation under the command of Remschel von Krixen, but the garrison repulsed the attack. After the war, in 1466, the settlement became a fief of Poland held by the Teutonic Knights.[10] During the Horsemen's War in 1520, the castle was unsuccessfully besieged by troops of the Polish Kingdom, who devastated the settlement. Following the war, it became part of the newly established secular Ducal Prussia. Preußisch Eylau received its civic charter in 1585.[3]

18th–19th centuries

In 1709–1711, the bubonic plague killed 2,212 inhabitants of the Eylau area. The town was under Russian occupation from 1758 to 1762 during the Seven Years' War.

The Battle of Eylau (7–8 February 1807) during the Napoleonic Wars involved the French troops of Napoleon Bonaparte, the Russian troops of General Bennigsen, and the Prussian troops of General Anton Wilhelm von L'Estocq. Only 3 inhabitants of Eylau died in the battle, but 605 persons died due to hunger and diseases in 1807 (with the average death rate in "normal" years being around 80–90). Napoleon used the local courthouse as his headquarters in Eylau on 7–17 February 1807.

On 1 April 1819, the town became the seat of the administrative district Preußisch Eylau (Kreis Pr. Eylau). In 1834, a Teachers' Seminary was founded, educating every East Prussian teacher until it was closed down in 1924. The town was connected to the railway on 2 September 1866. In the late 19th century, four annual fairs and two weekly markets were held in the town.[8]

20th–21st centuries

During World War I, the town was occupied without a struggle by Russian troops on 27 August 1914, but these troops left on 3 September 1914.

After 1933, large barracks were built by the Wehrmacht, and in 1935 Infantry and Artillery units were stationed there.

On 10 February 1945,[2] during the Soviet Red Army's East Prussian Offensive, the town was occupied by troops of the 55th Guards "Irkutsk-Pinsk" Division commanded by Major General Adam Turchinsky.

In June 1945, the town was handed over to Poland, and Polish officials took over the administrative power.[11] Under its historic Polish name Iławka, the town became a county seat, but Poles left again in December 1945, as the new borderline between the Soviet Union and Poland was set just at the southern outskirts of the town.[11] The county seat was then moved to Górowo Iławeckie (now a twin town of Bagrationovsk), however it retained the name of Iławka County until 1958.

In January 1946, the town became a part of the newly established Kaliningrad Oblast within the Russian SFSR and the town was given its present name, honoring General Pyotr Bagration, who was one of the senior Russian leaders in the Napoleonic Wars and is also the namesake of the 1944 Operation Bagration offensive. The German population that had not already fled during the evacuation of East Prussia during the war was subsequently expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement, with the last transport leaving on 23 November 1947. The NKVD established a prison camp for German civilians inside the former Wehrmacht barracks in 1945–1949. It held an estimated 13,000 inmates, of whom some 6,000 people died.[3]

Today the main border crossing point between Russia and Poland (Bezledy/Bagrationovsk) is 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) south of the town. Since April 2007, government restrictions on visits to border areas have been tightened and travel to Sovetsk and Bagrationovsk is only allowed with special permission, unless in transit.[12]

Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Bagrationovsk serves as the administrative center of Bagrationovsky District.[1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Bagrationovsky District as the town of district significance of Bagrationovsk.[1] As a municipal division, the town of district significance of Bagrationovsk is incorporated within Bagrationovsky Municipal District as Bagrationovskoye Urban Settlement.[5]

Population

Notable people

Twin towns and sister cities

Bagrationovsk is twinned with:

References

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Resolution #640
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 32. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Schulz 1998
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Law #253
  6. ↑ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  7. ↑ M. Kaemmerer (2004). Ortsnamenverzeichnis der Ortschaften jenseits von Oder u. Neiße (in German). G. Rautenberg. ISBN 3-7921-0368-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom III (in polski). Warszawa. 1882. p. 265.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ↑ Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in polski). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. p. 54.
  10. ↑ Górski, pp. 96–97, 214–215
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Eberhardt, Piotr (2018). "Kwestia podziału Prus Wschodnich w okresie II wojny światowej". Przegląd Geograficzny (in polski). 90 (4): 610. ISSN 0033-2143.
  12. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  14. ↑ Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Sources

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