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Perm, Russia

Coordinates: 58°00′N 56°19′E / 58.000°N 56.317°E / 58.000; 56.317
From Tilcayo Cats, the lean encyclopaedia by Tilcayo Knowledge Systems
This article is about the city. For other uses, see Perm (disambiguation).

Perm
Пермь
Перем (Komi-Permyak)
City[1]
Coat of arms
Coat of arms
[mapframe not available on SimWiki]
Interactive map of Perm
Location of Perm
Perm (Perm Krai)
Coordinates: 58°00′N 56°19′E / 58.000°N 56.317°E / 58.000; 56.317
CountryRussia
Federal subjectPerm Krai[1]
FoundedMay 15, 1723
City status sinceOctober 29, 1781
Government
 • BodyCity Duma[2]
 • Mayor [ru][3]Eduard Sosnin[3]
Area
[9]
 • Total
799.68 km2 (308.76 sq mi)
Population
 (2010 Census)[4]
 • Total
991,162
 • Estimate 
1,084,000 (+9.4%)
 • Rank13th in 2010
 • Density1,239.4/km2 (3,210.2/sq mi)
 • Subordinated tocity of krai significance of Perm[1]
 • Capital ofPerm Krai,[1] Permsky District[1]
 • Urban okrugPerm Urban Okrug[5]
 • Capital ofPerm Urban Okrug,[5] Permsky Municipal District[6]
Postal code[7]
614xxx
Dialing code+7 342[8]
City DayJune 12
Websitewww.gorodperm.ru

Perm[a], originally known as Yagoshikha (Ягошиха; 1723–1781) and briefly as Molotov (Молотов; 1940–1957), is the administrative centre of Perm Krai in the European part of Russia. It sits on the banks of the Kama River near the Ural Mountains, covering an area of 799.68 square kilometres (308.76 square miles). With over one million residents[10] Perm is the 15th-largest city in Russia and the 5th-largest in the Volga Federal District.

History

Further information: Great Perm

Perm is located in the old Permiak area. Perm was first mentioned as the village of Yagoshikha (Ягошиха) in 1647; however, the history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the Ural region by Tsar Peter the Great. Vasily Tatishchev, appointed by the Tsar as a chief manager of Ural factories, founded Perm together with another major centre of the Ural region, Yekaterinburg.

Modern Perm remains a major railway hub and one of the chief industrial centers of the Urals region. The city's diversified metallurgical and engineering industries produce equipment and machine tools for the petroleum and coal industries, as well as agricultural machinery. A major petroleum refinery uses oil transported by pipeline from the West Siberian oilfields, and the city's large chemical industry makes fertilizers and dyes. The city's institutions of higher education include the Perm A.M. Gorky State University, founded in 1916.

Perm grew considerably as industrialization proceeded in the Urals during the Soviet period, and in 1940 was named Molotov in honour of Vyacheslav Molotov. In 1957 the city was returned to its historical name.[citation needed]

Etymology

The name Perm is of Uralic etymology (Komi-Permyak: Перем, Perem; Komi: Перым, Perym). Komi is a member of the Permic branch of the Uralic languages, which is also named for Perm. In Finnish and Vepsian perämaa means "far-away land"; similarly, in Hungarian perem means "edge" or "verge". The geologic period of the Permian takes its name from the toponym.

Pre-industrial development

In 1723, a copper-smelting works was founded at the village of Yagoshikha.[11] In 1781 it was granted city status[11] and renamed Perm. Perm's position on the navigable Kama River, leading to the Volga, and on the Siberian Route across the Ural Mountains, helped it become an important trade and manufacturing centre. It also lay along the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Perm was located on the route to Siberia and served either as a stopover or a final destination for many exiles under Tsarist and Soviet rule.[12] According to Mikhail Speransky, in 1813, almost the entire population of Perm consisted of exiles.[13] Many Polish insurgents of the November Uprising were exiled in Perm in the 1830s.[13]

Perm was a city where Poles were allowed to settle after serving their sentences, as they were not permitted to return to Polish territory.[12] Poles established a Catholic chapel in the 1830s, built a Catholic church in 1875, which also served Lithuanians and other nationalities, founded a Poverty Relief Society in 1897, and helped establish a local museum and theatre.[14]

The city was devastated by a fire in 1842 and was subsequently rebuilt.[15] Perm became a major trade and industrial centre with a population of more than 20,000 people in the 1860s, with several metallurgy, paper, and steamboat producing factories, including one owned by a British entrepreneur. In 1870, an opera theatre was opened in the city, and in 1871 the first phosphoric factory in Russia was built. In the 1880s, the city had over 20 industrial plants and over 60 craft workshops.[15] According to the 1897 census, the largest minorities were Tatars (2.8%), Jews (1.8%) and Poles (1.6%).[16] Apart from Orthodox and Catholic churches, the city also had a Lutheran church, an Old Believers church and a synagogue.[15] In 1916, Perm State University—a major educational institution in modern Russia—was opened.[citation needed]

After the outbreak of the Russian Civil War, Perm became a prime target for both sides because of its munitions factories. It was heavily rumored from July–September 1918 that the Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna and her four daughters were imprisoned at the perception and Berezine buildings. According to the file on the Tsar,[clarification needed] the Grand Duchess Anastasia would have attempted to flee. On 25 December 1918, the Siberian White Army under Anatoly Pepelyayev (who acknowledged the authority of the Omsk Government of Aleksandr Kolchak), took Perm. On 1 July 1919, the city was retaken by the Red Army.[citation needed]

Soviet period

In the 1930s, Perm grew as a major industrial city with aviation, shipbuilding, and chemical factories built during that period. During World War II, Perm was a vital center of artillery production in the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, Perm became a closed city.[17]

Modern city

The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural[17] centre. The leading industries include machinery, defence, oil production (about 3% of Russian output), oil refining, chemical and petrochemical, timber and wood processing and the food industry.

In 1996 a memorial was erected in the Yegoshikhinskoe cemetery to deceased inmates of the Gulag, forced settlers and victims of the Great Terror.[18]

On 5 December, 2009 a fire at the Lame Horse nightclub killed 156 people and injured over 100 more.[19]

On 20 September, 2021, a mass shooting occurred at Perm State University, resulting in six fatalities and 40 injuries.[20][21][22]

Geography

The city is located on the bank of the Kama River upon hilly terrain. The Kama is the main tributary of the Volga River and is one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia. This river is the waterway which grants the Ural Mountains access to the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Kama divides the city into two parts: the central part and the right bank part. The city stretches for 70 kilometers (43 mi) along the Kama and 40 kilometers (25 mi) across it. The city street grid parallels the Kama River, travelling generally east–west, while other main streets run perpendicularly to those following the river. The grid pattern accommodates the hills of the city where it crosses them.

Another distinguishing feature of the city's relief is the large number of small rivers and brooks. The largest of them are the Mulyanka, the Yegoshikha, the Motovilikha (all are on the left bank of Kama River), and the Gayva (on the right bank).

Climate

Perm has a warm summer continental climate (Köppen: Dfb).[23] Winters are long, snowy and quite cold. Summers are moderately warm with cool nights, although summers are shorter than winters. Due to its far inland location, there is a distinct lack of seasonal lag resulting in rapid cooling down of the warm weather as days get shorter. This results in September, October, and November being colder than May, April, and March, respectively.

Climate data for Perm (1991–2020, extremes 1882–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 4.3
(39.7) 		6.0
(42.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		27.3
(81.1) 		34.6
(94.3) 		35.4
(95.7) 		37.5
(99.5) 		37.2
(99.0) 		30.7
(87.3) 		22.5
(72.5) 		11.9
(53.4) 		4.5
(40.1) 		37.5
(99.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −9.3
(15.3) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		0.2
(32.4) 		9.1
(48.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		22.0
(71.6) 		24.0
(75.2) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.5
(58.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		7.3
(45.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −12.5
(9.5) 		−11.3
(11.7) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		3.9
(39.0) 		11.5
(52.7) 		16.2
(61.2) 		18.5
(65.3) 		15.6
(60.1) 		10.0
(50.0) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−10.7
(12.7) 		2.9
(37.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −15.8
(3.6) 		−14.8
(5.4) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		5.8
(42.4) 		10.9
(51.6) 		13.2
(55.8) 		11.2
(52.2) 		6.6
(43.9) 		0.9
(33.6) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−13.7
(7.3) 		−1.0
(30.2)
Record low °C (°F) −44.9
(−48.8) 		−40.8
(−41.4) 		−34.8
(−30.6) 		−23.5
(−10.3) 		−13
(9) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−25.2
(−13.4) 		−38.5
(−37.3) 		−47.1
(−52.8) 		−47.1
(−52.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 45
(1.8) 		33
(1.3) 		34
(1.3) 		37
(1.5) 		55
(2.2) 		89
(3.5) 		78
(3.1) 		88
(3.5) 		64
(2.5) 		63
(2.5) 		56
(2.2) 		48
(1.9) 		690
(27.2)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 48
(19) 		61
(24) 		60
(24) 		19
(7.5) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		2
(0.8) 		12
(4.7) 		30
(12) 		61
(24)
Average rainy days 1 2 4 11 18 18 17 20 21 17 7 3 139
Average snowy days 28 24 19 9 4 0.4 0 0 2 13 24 27 150
Average relative humidity (%) 83 79 72 65 62 68 71 77 80 82 85 85 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 38 79 152 198 275 290 284 226 132 65 37 23 1,799
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[24]
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[25]

Administrative and municipal status

Perm is the administrative centre of the krai and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Permsky District, even though it is not a part of it.[1] As an administrative division, it is, together with two rural localities, incorporated separately as the city of krai significance of Perm—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Perm is incorporated as Perm Urban Okrug.[5]

City divisions

For administrative purposes, Perm is divided into seven city districts:

City District Population (2010 Census)[4]
Dzerzhinsky 155,632
Industrialny 157,575
Kirovsky 127,793
Leninsky 48,520
Motovilikhinsky 179,961
Ordzhonikidzevsky 111,204
Sverdlovsky 210,477

Economy

Perm has the largest industrial output among cities in the Urals, ahead of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and Ufa, although Perm has a smaller population than these. Thirty-five per cent of Perm Oblast's industry is located in Perm.[26] The largest industries in the city are electric power engineering, oil and gas refining, machine building, chemicals and petrochemicals, forestry processing, printing and food industry.[27]

Several major industrial companies are located in Perm: Perm refinery; Perm Motors and Aviadvigatel, major suppliers of engines to the Russian aircraft industry; rocket engine company Proton-PM, which as of 2011 was slated to produce the RD-191 engine for the upcoming Angara rocket family;[needs update] electric engineering firms Morion JSC, Perm Scientific and Industrial Group, and Perm Electrical Engineering Plant; Russia's largest exporter of cables and wires, JSC KAMKABEL; and oil and natural gas companies such as LUKoil-Perm Ltd. and LUKoilPernefteprodukt Ltd.[26]

Transport

Perm is a railway junction on the Trans-Siberian Railway with lines radiating to Central Russia, the north part of the Urals, and the far east of Russia. Perm has two major railway stations, the historical Perm I and the modern Perm II. The Kama River is an important direct link between the European part of Russia to the sea ports on the White, Baltic, Azov, Black, and Caspian seas.[28]

Perm is served by the international airport Bolshoye Savino, which is located 16 km (9.9 mi) southwest of the city.[29]

Perm's public transit network includes tram, bus, and city-railway routes. The formerly important trolleybus service was discontinued in July 2019.

Proposed metro system

The first plans for a Perm Metro system date back to the 1970s. A feasibility study was compiled in 1990, but economic difficulties during the decade prevented its final planning and construction. The plans were revitalised in the early 2000s, but a lack of funding hampered the project and plans were once again put on hold. Light rail has also been considered.[30]

Culture

The Perm Opera, and Ballet House is one of the best in Russia.[31][according to whom?] There are many other theatres in Perm, including the Drama Theater, the Puppet Theatre, the Theatre for Young Spectators, the Theatre "Stage Molot", and the mystical At the Bridge Theatre. Among the cities museums and galleries, the Perm State Art Gallery is recognised for its collections of art, including paintings from 15th- to 18th-century art movements, and wooden sculptures from the region. It is housed in a notable early 19th-century structure, once an orthodox cathedral. The spire of the museum towers over the rest of Perm, as it is situated on the Komsomolsky Prospect.[32] Perm is receiving attention from the development of the new Museum of Contemporary Art, Perm Museum of Contemporary Art (PERMM) which officially opened in March 2009.[33][34][35]

The RAV Vast steel tongue drum was invented in Perm by Andrey Remyannikov. This instrument is unique in the tongue drum and handpan world because each note has multiple harmonic overtones that resonate with other notes in the drum. The sound consequently has long sustain and reverberation.[36][37]

The Legend of Perm Bear or The Walking Bear is a sculpture depicting a walking bear, which is also shown on the city's coat of arms. It is situated in the central part of the city on Lenin Street, in front of the Organ Concert Hall and close to the building of Legislative Assembly of Perm Krai. The author of the sculpture is Vladimir Pavlenko, a monumentalist sculptor from Nizhny Tagil, member of the Artists' Union of Russia and UNESCO International Association of Arts.[38][39]

The Permyak Salty Ears is a sculpture and one of the most visited tourist attractions in Perm.[40]

Education

Perm is a scientific centre. Some of the scientific institutes are combined in the Perm Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Perm is a home to several major universities including Perm State University,[41] Perm State Technical University,[42] Perm branch of state university Higher school of economics,[43] Perm State Teachers' Training University, Perm State Medical Academy,[44] Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy,[45] Perm State Agricultural Academy,[46] The Institute of Art and Culture, Perm State Choreographic School,[47] and others. There are also three military schools in Perm.

Demographics

  1. Orthodox Christianity (70.0%)
  2. Islam (10.0%)
  3. Atheists / Non-Religious (15.0%)
  4. other christians (4.00%)
  5. difficult to say (1.00%)

At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (907,955) was:[48]

Ethnicity Population Percentage
Russians 823,333 90.7%
Tatars 34,253 3.8%
Bashkirs 7,729 0.8%
Komi-Permyaks 7,301 0.8%
Ukrainians 6,507 0.7%
Udmurts 4,847 0.5%
Others 23,985 2.7%

Sports

The city hosted 2002 European Amateur Boxing Championships.

Club Sport Founded Current league League
Rank		 Stadium
Zvezda 2005 Perm Football 1994 Women's Supreme League 1st Zvezda Stadium
Oktan Perm Football 1958 Russian Second Division 3rd Neftyanik Stadium
Molot-Prikamye Perm Ice Hockey 1948 Higher Hockey League 2nd Universal Sports Palace Molot
Prikamye Perm Volleyball 1983 Volleyball Super League 1st Sukharev Sports Complex
Permskie Medvedi Handball 1999 Handball Super League 1st Permskie Medvedi Sports Complex
Parma Basket Basketball 2012 VTB United League 1st Universal Sports Palace Molot

In 1995–2008, Perm was the location of the Ural Great basketball team — one of the few Russian basketball champions besides CSKA Moscow.

There is also an amateur bandy team called Kama.[49]

People

Main article: List of people from Perm

The following people were either born in Perm or made names for themselves while residing there.

Sport

Writer Boris Pasternak lived in Perm for a time. The city figures in his novel Doctor Zhivago under the fictional name "Yuriatin", where Yuri sees Lara again in the public library.[50]

Marketing

Perm is an example of city marketing in Russia, where the city also has a logo.[51]

Twin towns – sister cities

Perm is or has been twinned with:[52]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Russian: Пермь, IPA: [pʲermʲ], IPA: [pʲerʲmʲ]; Komi-Permyak: Перем; Komi: Перым

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Law #416-67
  2. ↑ Пермская Городская Дума Archived August 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine perm.ru (in Russian)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Official website of the Head of Perm Archived November 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Law #2038-446
  6. ↑ Law #1868-402
  7. ↑ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  8. ↑ Russian Federation - International Codes - The Phone Book from BT Archived April 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 2014-04-12
  9. ↑ "Áàçà äàííûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ìóíèöèïàëüíûõ îáðàçîâàíèé". gks.ru. Russia.
  10. ↑ "RUSSIA: Privolžskij Federal'nyj Okrug: Volga Federal District". City Population.de. August 4, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Encyklopedyja powszechna (in polski). Vol. XX. Warszawa. 1865. p. 550.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Charitonowa, Elena (1998). "Z dziejów polskiej kolonii w Permie w XIX i początkach XX wieku". Niepodległość i Pamięć (in polski) (11). Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie: 78.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Charitonowa, Elena (1998). "Z dziejów polskiej kolonii w Permie w XIX i początkach XX wieku". Niepodległość i Pamięć (in polski) (11). Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie: 79.
  14. ↑ Charitonowa, Elena (1998). "Z dziejów polskiej kolonii w Permie w XIX i początkach XX wieku". Niepodległość i Pamięć (in polski) (11). Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie: 80, 83, 85, 93.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich (in polski). Vol. VIII. Warszawa. 1887. p. 12.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ↑ Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи, 1897 г. (in русский). Vol. XXXI. 1904. pp. 94–97.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Jones, Finn-Olaf (July 22, 2011). "A Bilbao on Siberia's Edge?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
  18. ↑ "Perm cemetery [C]** Executed & prison dead". July 25, 2014.
  19. ↑ "Owner jailed over deadly 2009 Russia nightclub fire". BBC News. April 30, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2026.
  20. ↑ Chernova, Anna; Said-Moorhouse, Laurne (September 20, 2021). "6 people killed in shooting at Russian university". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  21. ↑ "Появились новые данные о погибших и пострадавших в результате стрельбы в Перми". Новости России и мира 24 часа в сутки - N4K.RU (in русский). Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
  22. ↑ "Стрельба в университете в Перми унесла жизни 6 или 8 человек". Информационное агентство "Рассвет" - Rassvet-info.ru (in русский). September 21, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  23. ↑ "Perm, Russia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  24. ↑ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in русский). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  25. ↑ "Perm Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Industry Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Perm City Administration
  27. ↑ English version Archived May 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine City of Perm. Department of Industrial Policy, Investment and Entrepreneurship
  28. ↑ Transport infrastructure Archived October 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine — Perm regional server.
  29. ↑ "Объемы перевозок через аэропорты России" [Transportation volumes at Russian airports]. www.favt.ru (in русский). Federal Air Transport Agency. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  30. ↑ "UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Russia > PERM' Metro Project". Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2013. Perm' Metro Project; article (includes map); Urban Rail online; accessed .
  31. ↑ "Барыкина Л. Пермяки высадились на Манхэттене//Ведомости от 25.01.2008". Vedomosti.ru. January 25, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  32. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 26, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  33. ↑ "Perm Museums' Plan Dubbed the 'New Bilbao'". The Moscow Times. Retrieved June 12, 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  34. ↑ Kishkovsky, Sophia (May 28, 2009). "Modern Dance and Art Bring a Burst of Color to a Gray City". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  35. ↑ Nechepurenko, Ivan (August 24, 2016). "Moscow Crushes an Uprising, This Time an Artistic One (Published 2016)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  36. ↑ RAV Vast - Steel Tongue Drum (November 24, 2016), Creation of RAV Drum, archived from the original on December 21, 2021, retrieved April 24, 2018
  37. ↑ "RAV Vast drum. Easy and enjoyable tongue drum". ravvast.com. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  38. ↑ (in Russian) В центре Перми появился бурый медведь Archived December 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine — РИА «Новый Регион».
  39. ↑ (in Russian) На пермских улицах появился медведь. Deprecated link archived 2007-07-06 at archive.today
  40. ↑ ПермячOk (December 7, 2019). "Пермяк солёные уши: история, памятник, где находится". ПермячOk (in русский). Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  41. ↑ "Perm State University". Psu.ru. Archived from the original on November 25, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  42. ↑ "Заставка - Пермский государственный технический университет". Pstu.ru. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  43. ↑ "Государственный университет - Высшая школа экономики". Hse.perm.ru. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  44. ↑ Perm State Academy Of Medicine Archived October 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  45. ↑ "Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy". www.psfa.ru. Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  46. ↑ "Perm State Agricultural Academy". Pgsha.ru. Archived from the original on June 6, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  47. ↑ Site developed by Perm RCI PSTU. "Perm State Ballet college". Balletschool.perm.ru. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  48. ↑ "Итоги::Пермьстат". Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  49. ↑ ""Kama" Perm". Russian Bandy.
  50. ↑ News June 2006oxfordperm-assoc.org
  51. ↑ Artemy Lebedev thought up a logo of the Perm city (rus)
  52. ↑ "Города-побратимы Перми". gorodperm.ru (in русский). Perm. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  53. ↑ Hughes, Tim (March 4, 2022). "Oxford City Council ends unpopular Perm twin link in U-turn". Oxford Mail. Retrieved January 7, 2024.

Sources

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