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RUD-Urunana

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RUD-Uruana
Military leader
Nsengiyunva Emmanuel "Faida"
Political leader
Jean-Marie Higiro
Founded2005
Dates active2005–present
Split fromDemocratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR)
AllegianceWazalendo[1]
HeadquartersMashuta, Kalehe, Walikale
Active regionsPrimarily Binza and Kirama, Rutshuru,North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
IdeologyAnti-Rwanda
Hutu Power
StatusActive
Size250 soldiers (in 2010)[2]
WarsKivu conflict
Websitewww.rud-urunana.org

Rally for Unity and Democracy (French: Rassemblement Unité et Démocratie) also Known as RUD-Urunana is a Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) splinter group fighting in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The group is based in Rutshuru, North Kivu.

History

2005-2007: Creation

RUD-Urunana was created in June 2005 by former vice-president of the FDLR, Jean-Marie Higiro.[3] Higiro and other political leaders of RUD-Urunana were mostly based in Europe and the United States.[4] Since its creation the groups military wing was led by Jean-Damascène Ndibabaje also known by the Nom de guerre "Musare".[5] The group presented themselves as a moderate counterweight against the FDLR, demanding that the FDLR would expel war criminals out of its ranks.[6] In April 2006 Rwandan government accused Uganda of supporting and training FDLR and RUD-Urunana troops inside their borders with the goal to overthrow the government of Paul Kagame.[7]

2007-2009: Disarmament

In 2007 after peace talks with the Congolese government facilitated by the Community of Sant'Egidio, RUD-Urunana pledged to disarm themselves.[8] The peace talks were dismissed by the FDLR who stated that the RUD-Urunana were "dissidents who have been excluded from the FDLR for high treason".[9] In 2008 RUD-Urunana and FDLR clashed near Kiseguru 90 kilometers from Goma, allegedly due to RUD-Urunana looting nearby villages.[10] In 2009 the group ended the disarmation process with around 150 combatants disarmed.[11] The disarmament process failed in 2009 as RUD-Urunana failed to gain protection from MONUSCO troops and weren't committed to laying down arms completely.[12] After the failure of the disarmament process, RUD-Urunana formally joined forces with FDLR to continue fighting as a faction under the FDLR.[4]

2009-2019: Continued fighting

On from January to April 2009, RUD-Urunana combatants committed attacks against civilians in Lubero, northeastern Walikale, and Rutshuru territories around North Kivu. These attacks left at least 70 civilians dead[4] In February 2012 the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) captured the main headquarters of RUD-Urunana located in Machuka, around 100 kilometers from Lubero in North Kivu.[13] According to the FARDC the clashes killed two RUD-Urunana members, one man and one woman. In June 2012, the UN accused RUD-Urunana of collaborating with the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC) militia.[14] In May and July of 2013 RUD-Urunana attacked Rwandan Defence Force (RDF) positions killing several RDF soldiers in the process.[15][16] The leader of RUD-Urunanas military wing, Musare, was killed in unknown circumstances in February 2016. The murder was allegedly related to the growing rift between Hutu- and Nande-based armed groups in the region.[5] After the death of Musare, Juvenal Musabimana also known as "Jean-Michel Africa" became the new leader of RUD-Urunana. Musabimana led the group for three years from 2016 to 2019. In 2017 RUD-Urunana controlled areas around Bukoma in Rutshuru Territory, where it was accused of being involved in abductions of civilians.[17]

October 2019: Incursion in to Rwanda

On 4 October 2019, 67 members of the RUD-Urunana allied with another Rwandan opposition militia named Rwanda National Congress (RNC) armed with 38 rifles and other rudimentary weapons, made an incursion to Rwanda with the goal of overthrowing the government.[18][19] Using Rifles, clubs and knives the rebels attacked civilians in the Musanze District killing 14 and injuring 18. The attack also killed around 19 rebels, with the surviving rebels escaping back to Congo and Uganda.[20] RUD-Urunana denied involvement in the attacks stating that their "forces had no role in the attacks".[21] The Rwandan government wrote a verbale concerning the attack and alleged that Uganda was sheltering RUD-Urunana commanders who had escaped to Uganda, after the attack.[22] In November 2019 Musabimana was killed alongside commander Cassien Nshimiyiman and four bodyguards. The operation to neutralize Musabimana was named Sukola II and carried out by the FARDC, in the Binza area near the Ugandan border.[23][24] After Musabimana was killed Jean-Marie Higiro, the political leader of RUD-Urunana, stated that he did not belong to the group and had left RUD-Urunana to join another Rwandan opposition group named FDU-Inkingi.[25]

After the operation FARDC sources revealed information regarding the creation of RUD-Urunana. According to the information Musabimana frequently travelled to Uganda and had extensive ties to Ugandan top-security officials. Same sources alleged that RUD-Urunana was created by Ugandan military intelligence under the coordination of Philemon Mateke. The sources stated that Mateke was tasked with "destabilizing Rwanda".[24] During the operation FARDC also announced to have discovered two thousand hectares of cannabis cultivations belonging to the RUD-Urunana. According to the FARDC these cultivations provided 50% of the rebels income.[26] According to an investigation conducted by the Rwanda Tribune [rw] Musabimana had confiscated farming equipment around 500 hectares of land in the Groupements of Binza and Kirama. Musabimana also owned a house in Uganda worth around 2 million dollars.[27]

The killing Musabimana caused internal conflict in RUD-Urunana. After the killing a Crisis Committee was formed by other commanders, who accused 24 RUD-Urunana members of betraying Musabimana. The Crisis Committee tried to disarm the accused which lead to clashes killing around 14 rebels one of which had been the doctor of Musambimana. In total around 24 rebels were killed for "betraying" Musabimana.[28]

2019-2020: Leadership struggles

After the death of Juvenal Musabimana, RUD-Urunana was led by Cyprien Leo Mpiranya, also known as Kagoma. Kagoma has been accused of being involved with the killing of American tourists in Bwindi National Park in 1999, when he was fighting for the Interhamwe.[29] During Kagomas rule RUD-Urunana attacked the village of Katwiguru in Rutshuru territory killing 3 civilians.[30] They also conducted another attack in Binza area killing 14 civilians.[29] In February 2020 Uganda sent 15 rebels to Rwanda of which two were RUD-Urunana rebels. The response had stemmed from a meeting held in December 2019, between a Rwandan delegation and Ugandan leaders, over restoring relations between the two countries.[31] In August 2020 Kagoma was killed in a FARDC operation, although it's disputed if the killing involved another RUD-Urunana commander, Emmanuel Rugema, with whom Kagoma had disagreements even resulting in the group being split in two, with one side supporting Kagoma and the other Rugema.[29][32][33] After the killing of Kagoma, Rugema became the leader of the RUD-Urunana before being killed in November 2020, by his own troops defending the leadership of Kagoma.[32][34]

2020-Present: Clashes with M23 and alliance with the FARDC

Rugema was replaced by Cassien Nshimiyimana also known as Gavana. Gavana was one of the commanders who managed to escape the FARDC operation in 2019, as he was hiding in Uganda at the time. In March 2021, 8, RUD-Urunana soldiers and 29 RNC members were brought to court in Rwanda regarding the incursion made to Rwanda in 2019.[35] Gavana was killed in December 2022, by the M23 rebel group in Bwiza.[36] According to M23 Gavana attacked an M23 base alongside the FARDC.[37] Gavana was replaced by Nsengiyunva Emmanuel also known as Faida Hakimu.[38]

In August 2025 Amnesty international reported that RUD-Urunana controlled some areas near Virunga National Park including the Bwisha chiefdom in Binza.[39] In March of the same year Rwanda sanctioned three individuals linked to RUD-Urunana including commanders suspected of having planned the 2019 attacks in Rwanda.[40] In 2026 RUD-Urunana reportedly changed its name to FDP-R which is under the Nyatura-FDP forces in Rutshuru territory. The rebranding aimed at distancing RUD-Urunana from the FDLR.[41] RUD-Urunana reportedly belongs to the militant coalition Wazalendo, which is fighting against the M23 and is led by the FARDC.[1]

Recruitment and child soldiers

Most of the fighters who splintered from the FDLR in 2004 were former Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) fighters from Rwanda who had escaped to Congo after the end of the Rwandan Genocide.[42] Since January 2009 RUD-Urunana has mostly recruited fighters from refugee camps in Uganda, particularly the from the camps of Nyakivale and Cyaka.[43] UN Security Council has accused RUD-Urunana of recruiting and kidnapping children to use as fighters in the region.[44]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Annex 1. Summary of armed conflicts in 20241" (PDF). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  2. ↑ "Document Viewer". docs.un.org. p. 29. Retrieved 6 May 2026.
  3. ↑ "[Ugnet] Kigali: The hidden truth behind the rift within the Hutu rebels rank". www.mail-archive.com. Retrieved 6 May 2026.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Sawyer, Ida (13 December 2009). ""You Will Be Punished"". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 6 May 2026.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Armed group biographies". 17 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2026.
  6. ↑ Schlindwein, Simone (13 October 2010). "Nach Festnahme von Hutu-Milizenführer: Der Krieg der Rebellen ist nicht vorbei". Die Tageszeitung: taz (in Deutsch). Retrieved 6 May 2026.
  7. ↑ "Diplomat sex scandal irks Rwanda". 4 April 2006. Retrieved 6 May 2026.
  8. ↑ Lualaba, Yves (3 March 2024). "DR Congo: Is DR Congo Government Relaunching the Rome-Kisangani-Kasiki Process Regarding Repatriation and Resettlement of Rwandan Refugees?". AroniSmart. Retrieved 6 May 2026.
  9. ↑ "Small Rwandan Hutu rebel group in Congo to disarm". Retrieved 6 May 2026.
  10. ↑ "Masisi : nouveaux affrontements Maï-Maï contre CNDP, et FDLR contre ses dissidents". Radio Okapi (in français). 28 January 2008.
  11. ↑ "UN supports exploratory home return of Rwandan ex-fighters from DR Congo | UN News". news.un.org. 26 January 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  12. ↑ "FDLR-RUD yo ngo yanze gushyira intwaro hasi". Kigali Today. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  13. ↑ "Ingabo za Congo zafashe ibirindiro bya RUD Urunana - IGIHE.com". igihe.com (in Ikinyarwanda). 7 February 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  14. ↑ "Letter dated 26 June 2012 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1533 (2004) concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF). p. 21. Retrieved 6 May 2026.
  15. ↑ "Invigorated by Recent Successes Against Rwandan Defense Forces, Rwandan Rebels Close in to Rwandan Border". www.afroamerica.net. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  16. ↑ "FDLR-FOCA Spokesperson Mr Laforge Fils Bazeye Does Not Know What He is Talking About". www.afroamerica.net. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  17. ↑ "DR Congo: Gangs Kidnap, Rape in National Park | Human Rights Watch". 30 July 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2026.
  18. ↑ Girinema, Philbert (17 July 2020). "Habumukiza warangije muri Kaminuza y'u Rwanda yasobanuye uko we na bagenzi be bagabye igitero mu Kinigi - IGIHE.com". www.igihe.com (in Ikinyarwanda). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  19. ↑ "Nyuma yo gufatanwa igihanga, Uganda yavuye ku izima yohereza abarwanyi ba RUD Urunana bagabye igitero mu Kinigi bari bahungiyeyo bakakirwa Na Yombi – RUSHYASHYA". Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  20. ↑ "Assailants: FDLR was behind Musanze attack". The New Times. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2026.
  21. ↑ "Imitwe ya FDLR na RUD Urunana Bahakana Ibitero byagabwe mu Kinigi". amakuru1.rssing.com (in Ikinyarwanda). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  22. ↑ "Un chef rebelle du Rwanda tué en RDC". BBC News Afrique (in français). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  23. ↑ "RDC: l'armée congolaise annonce la mort du chef d'un groupe rebelle rwandais". RFI (in français). 10 November 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2026.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "RUD-Urunana top commander killed in DR Congo" (PDF). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  25. ↑ "Gen Afurika wayoboraga RUD Urunana yishwe - IGIHE.com". igihe.com (in Ikinyarwanda). 10 November 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  26. ↑ "FARDC Yavumbuye Hegitari 2,000 Z'urumogi Rw'inyeshyamba Z'Abanyarwanda - BWIZA". 5 September 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  27. ↑ "Gen.Afurika Jean Michel wa RUD URUNANA, uherutse kurasirwa muri RD-Congo yari afite imiturirwa muri Uganda ahitwa Nakulabye ifite agaciro ka miliyoni ebyiri z'amadorari – RUSHYASHYA". Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  28. ↑ "RDC: Inyeshyamba za RUD-URUNANA zasubiranyemo bituma abagera kuri 14 barimo uwari umuganga wa Gen.Afurika bahasiga ubuzima". umuryango.rw. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "RUD-URUNANA: Nyuma ya Col.Afrika , Col Mpiranya alias Kagoma nawe yishwe". MY250TV. 31 August 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  30. ↑ "Rwandan rebels of RUD-Urunana Kill Civilians in DRC - Rwanda". rwanda.org.uk. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  31. ↑ "Nyuma yo gufatanwa igihanga, Uganda yavuye ku izima yohereza abarwanyi ba RUD Urunana bagabye igitero mu Kinigi bari bahungiyeyo bakakirwa Na Yombi – RUSHYASHYA". Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Rud-Urunana Militia Leader Col. Rugema Bumped Off". taarifa.rw. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  33. ↑ Ashimwe, Edwin. "Rwanda: RUD-Urunana Militia Leader Cyprien Mpiranya 'Killed'". Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  34. ↑ "Col. Rugema Emmanuel Wari Umuyobozi Wa RUD-Urunana Yishwe - BWIZA". 23 October 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  35. ↑ "Rwanda: Abarwanyi 37 ba RUD-Urunana na P5 Bagejejwe mu Rukiko". Ijwi ry'Amerika (in Ikinyarwanda). 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  36. ↑ Kuteesa, Hudson (17 December 2022). "Senior RUD militia commander killed in DRC". The New Times. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  37. ↑ "'Gavana' who led Kinigi attack in 2019 killed". IGIHE. 17 December 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  38. ↑ Jado, Ally (21 July 2022). "Breaking News: I Katanga mu birindiro bikuru bya RUD Urunana hateraniye inama nkuru y'igisirikare". Rwanda Tribune. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023.
  39. ↑ "DR Congo: M23 Mass Killings Near Virunga National Park | Human Rights Watch". 20 August 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2026.
  40. ↑ "The Great Lakes Eye". thegreatlakeseye.com. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  41. ↑ Kamanzi, Stephen (1 July 2026). "Rwandan FDLR Changes Name to Become Congolese Militia". KT PRESS. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  42. ↑ "THE LEADERSHIP OF RWANDAN ARMED GROUPS ABROAD WITH A FOCUS ON THE FDLR AND RUD/URUNANA" (PDF). p. 164. Retrieved 6 May 2026.
  43. ↑ "Letter dated 12 February 2010 from the Chargé d'affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Rwanda to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  44. ↑ "Letter dated 10 December 2008 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1533 (2004) concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF). Retrieved 6 May 2026.
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