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Tahirid dynasty

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For the homonymous dynasty of Yemen, see Tahirid Sultanate. For the Andalusi dynasty, see Taifa of Murcia.
Tahirid Dynasty
طاهریان
Tâheriyân
821–873
StatusDe jure governorate of the Abbasid Caliphate[1]
CapitalMerv, later Nishapur
Common languagesEarly New Persian (court, informal)[2][3]
Arabic (literature/poetry/science)[4]
Religion
Sunni Islam
GovernmentCaliphal governoral emirate
Emir 
• 821–822
Tahir ibn Husayn
• 822–828
Talha ibn Tahir
• 828–845
Abdallah ibn Tahir
• 845–862
Tahir ibn Abdallah
• 862–872
Muhammad ibn Tahir
Historical eraMedieval
• Established
821
• Disestablished
873
Area
800 est.[5]1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
File:Blank.png Abbasid Caliphate
Saffarid Empire File:Blank.png
Alid dynasties of northern Iran File:Blank.png

The Tahirid dynasty (Persian: طاهریان, romanized: Tâheriyân, pronounced [t̪ɒːheɾiˈjɒːn]) was a culturally Arabized, Sunni Muslim dynasty of Persian dehqan origin. They ruled as governors of Khorasan from 821 to 873 as well as serving as military and security commanders in Abbasid Baghdad until 891. The dynasty was founded by Tahir ibn Husayn, a leading general in the service of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun. For his support of al-Ma'mun in the Fourth Fitna, he was granted the governance of Khorasan.

The Tahirids, however, were not an independent dynasty — according to Hugh Kennedy: "The Tahirids are sometimes considered as the first independent Iranian dynasty, but such a view is misleading. The arrangement was effectively a partnership between the Abbasids and the Tahirids." Indeed, the Tahirids were loyal to the Abbasid caliphs and in return enjoyed considerable autonomy; they were in effect viceroys representing Abbasid rule in Persia.[6][7] The tax revenue from Khorasan sent to the caliphal treasury in Baghdad was perhaps larger than those collected previously.[6]

Rulers of Khurasan

Rise

The founder of the Tahirid dynasty was Tahir ibn Husayn, a Sunni Persian of dehqan origin,[8][9] who had played a major military role in the civil war between the rival caliphs al-Amin and al-Ma'mun.[10] He and his ancestors had previously been awarded minor governorships in eastern Khorasan for their service to the Abbasids.[8] In 821, Tahir was made governor of Khorasan, but he died soon afterwards.[a][11] The caliph then appointed Tahir's son, Talha, governor of Khorasan.[12] Talha was unsuccessful in removing the Kharijites from Sistan,[13] and following the death of the Kharijite leader, Hamza b. Adarak (d.828),[14] the Tahirids occupied Zarang but never succeeded in collecting taxes in the surrounding countryside.[15]

Tahir's other son, Abdallah, was sent to Egypt to retake the province from rebellious Ubaydallah, and after the successful conquest was instated as the wāli of Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula. He was given the governorship of Khorasan when Talha died in 828. Abdallah is considered one of the greatest of the Tahirid rulers,[12] as his reign witnessed a flourishing of agriculture in his native land of Khorasan, popularity in the eastern lands of the Abbasid caliphate and expanding influence due to his experience with the western parts of the caliphate. A noted poet, he sympathized with all things Arabic.[16]

The replacement of the Pahlavi script with the Arabic script in order to write the Persian language was done by the Tahirids in 9th century Khurasan.[17]

Fall

Abdullah died in 844 and was succeeded by his son Tahir II.[18] Not much is known of Tahir's rule, but the administrative dependency of Sistan was lost to rebels during his governorship. Tahirid rule began to seriously deteriorate after Tahir's son Muhammad ibn Tahir became governor, due to his carelessness with the affairs of the state and lack of experience with politics. Oppressive policies in Tabaristan, another dependency of Khorasan, resulted in the people of that province revolting and declaring their allegiance to the independent Zaydi ruler Hasan ibn Zayd in 864.[12] In Khorasan itself, Muhammad's rule continued to grow increasingly weak, and in 873 he was finally overthrown by the Saffarid dynasty, who annexed Khorasan to their own empire in eastern Persia.

Governors of Baghdad

Besides their hold over Khorasan, the Tahirids also served as the military governors (ashab al-shurta) of Baghdad, beginning with Tahir's appointment to that position in 820. After he left for Khorasan, the governorship of Baghdad was given to a member of a collateral branch of the family, Ishaq ibn Ibrahim, who controlled the city for over twenty-five years.[19] During Ishaq's term as governor, he was responsible for implementing the Mihna (inquisition) in Baghdad.[20] His administration also witnessed the departure of the caliphs from Baghdad, as they made the recently constructed city of Samarra their new capital.[21] When Ishaq died in 849 he was succeeded first by two of his sons, and then in 851 by Tahir's grandson Muhammad ibn Abdallah.[19]

Abdallah played a major role in the events of the "Anarchy at Samarra" in the 860s, giving refuge to the caliph al-Musta'in and commanding the defense of Baghdad when it was besieged by the forces of the rival caliph al-Mu'tazz in 865. The following year, he forced al-Musta'in to abdicate and recognized al-Mu'tazz as caliph, and in exchange was allowed to retain his control over Baghdad.[22] Violent riots plagued Baghdad during the last years of Abdallah's life, and conditions in the city remained tumultuous after he died and was succeeded by his brothers, first Ubaydallah and then Sulayman.[23] Eventually order was restored in Baghdad, and the Tahirids continued to serve as governors of the city for another two decades. In 891, however, Badr al-Mu'tadidi was put in charge of the security of Baghdad in place of the Tahirids,[19] and the family soon lost their prominence within the caliphate after that.[12]

Language and culture

The historian Clifford Edmund Bosworth explains that while the Tahirids were Persians, they were highly Arabized in culture,[24] and eager to be accepted in the caliphal world, where cultivation of things Arabic gave social and cultural prestige.[25] Due to this the Tahirids were not part of the renaissance of Early New Persian language and culture.[25] He adds that the Persian language was at least tolerated in the entourage of the Tahirids, whereas the Saffarids played a leading part in the renaissance of Persian literature.[25] Tahirids were passionate about Arabic poetry, and were extremely generous to poets writing in Arabic.[11] Tahir ibn Husayn was highly adept at writing Arabic prose.[26] The Tahirid governor of Khurasan, Isḥāq ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Ḥusayn al-Muṣʿabī, employed Abu Tammum who wrote Arabic poetry.[27]

Centuries later, both 'Aufi and Daulatshah wrote that the Tahirids were hostile to Persian literature.[28] 'Abd-Allah ibn Tahir ordered that the Persian novel Vamiq-u Adhra "The Ardent Lover and the Virgin" and other Persian and Zoroastrian works be destroyed, according to Daulatshah.[28] The perceived hostility of the Tahirids toward Persian culture may have stemmed from the efforts of the early Tahirids, particularly Tahir and ʿAbdallāh, to emphasize their family’s connections to the ancient Arab nobility through their association as clients of the Khuza'a tribe.[29]

However, according to the historian Shivan Mahendrarajah, in reference to the dynasties of the Iranian Intermezzo of which the Tahirids are considered part:[30]

Persian (the language) and Iranian (the identity) were reasserting themselves. Iranians were adapting Arab-Islamic cultural tenets through a process of 'take the best, leave the rest'.

Within this context, Mahendrarajah adds that the Tahirids were specifically responsible for initiating the process by which Persian became written in the Perso-Arabic script, referring to this as "an ingenious Iranian adaption that allowed them to retain the heritage and charm of the Persian language".[30]

According to al-Masudi, the Tahirids claimed descent from Rustam, the mythological Iranian hero[31] as well as attempts to connect themselves with Banu Khuza'ah of the Quraysh.[32]

The art historian Sheila Blair explains that the Tahirids may well have added Persian inscriptions to their (now non-extant) buildings.[33]

Religion

The Tahirids supported Sunni orthodoxy and suppressed heterodox and sectarian movements and religio-social protests throughout Khorasan and Transoxiana.[34] While serving as governors for the Abbasids they fought against Kharijites and Zaydi Shi'ite Hasanids, and their coins and sermons acknowledged the suzerainty of the Abbasid caliphs.[34]

The religious scholar Abu Ubayd dedicated his work, Garîbü’l-Hadîs, to Abdallah ibn Tahir.[35] Abdallah endowed Abu Ubayd with a monthly patronage of 10,000 dirhams, but had to travel to Abu Ubayd's home to hear the work read to him.[35] Through works such as the Garîbü’l-Hadîs and the Kitab al-quni, the Tahirids sought to ground aspects of administrative practice in Islamic law.[34]

In architectural projects, Mansur ibn Talha built a new minaret, after demolishing the two old minarets, for the congregational mosque in Nishapur.[36]

Later Tahirids may have faced criticism from Sunni orthodox circles for failing to cope with Kharijite and ʿAlid challenges in the Caspian provinces.[34] Such dissatisfaction may have contributed to the overthrow of the Tahirids in Khurasan by the Saffarid Yaʿqub ibn Layth, who captured Nishapur from Muhammad ibn Tahir II in 259/873.[34]

Members of the Tahirid dynasty

Governor[37] Term
Governors of Khurasan
Tahir ibn Husayn 821–822
Talha ibn Tahir 822–828
Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani 828–845
Tahir (II) ibn Abdallah 845–862
Muhammad ibn Tahir (II) 862–873
Governors of Baghdad
Tahir ibn Husayn 820–822
Ishaq ibn Ibrahim al-Mus'abi 822–850
Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Ibrahim 850–851
Abdallah ibn Ishaq ibn Ibrahim 851
Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir 851–867
Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir 867–869
Sulayman ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir 869–879
Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah (again) 879–885
Muhammad ibn Tahir (II) 885–890
Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah (again) 890–891

Family tree

Bold denotes a Tahirid who served as governor of Khorasan; italics denotes an individual who served as governor of Baghdad.[38]

Mos'eb
Husayn
Tahir I
821–822		Ibrahim
Talha
822–828		Abdallah
828–845		Ishaq
Tahir II
845–862		MuhammadUbaydallahSulaymanMuhammadAbdullah
Muhammad
862–872

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "The Taherids of Iraq. As the events of the late Taherid period demonstrate, the Taherids in Iraq were just about as powerful and important, even if less well known, than their Khorasani relatives. They regularly held positions as military commanders, heads of the security forces (ṣāheb al-šorṭa) for eastern and western Baghdad, and chief tax collectors or administrators (e.g., ʿāmel and moʿāwen) for the Sawād of Kufa."[11]

References

  1. ↑ Hovannisian & Sabagh 1998, p. 96.
  2. ↑ Canfield 1991, p. 6.
  3. ↑ Peacock 2007, p. 35.
  4. ↑ Blair 2003, p. 340.
  5. ↑ Taagepera 1997, p. 496.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kennedy 2016, p. 139.
  7. ↑ Esposito 2000, p. 38.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bosworth 1975, p. 90-91.
  9. ↑ Daftary 2003, p. 57.
  10. ↑ Starr 2015, p. 195.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Daniel 2000.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Bosworth 2000, p. 104-105.
  13. ↑ Baumer 2018, p. 20.
  14. ↑ Bosworth 2012.
  15. ↑ Bosworth 1995, p. 795.
  16. ↑ Marin 1986, p. 53.
  17. ↑ Lapidus 2012, p. 256.
  18. ↑ Bosworth 1975, pp. 100–101.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Bosworth 1996, p. 168-169.
  20. ↑ Turner 2006, p. 402.
  21. ↑ Gordon 2001, p. 47.
  22. ↑ Kennedy 2001, p. 135-139.
  23. ↑ Yar-Shater 2007, p. 124.
  24. ↑ Bosworth 1975, pp. 90–135: "The Tāhirids were culturally highly Arabicized, but they were nevertheless Persians."
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Bosworth 1969, p. 106.
  26. ↑ Bosworth 1969, p. 103.
  27. ↑ al-Ṣūlī 2015, p. 234.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Bosworth 1975, p. 105.
  29. ↑ Bosworth 1969, p. 105.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Mahendrarajah 2019, p. 161.
  31. ↑ Spuler 2015, pp. 344–345.
  32. ↑ Bosworth 1975, p. 92.
  33. ↑ Blair 1998, p. 23-24.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 Daniel 2000a.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Kandemir 1996.
  36. ↑ Nouri 1967, p. 12.
  37. ↑ Bosworth 1996, p. 168–169.
  38. ↑ Kraemer 1989, p. xxviii.

Sources

  • Blair, Sheila S. (1998). Islamic Inscriptions. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9781474464482.
  • Blair, S. (2003). "Language situation and scripts: Arabic". In Bosworth, C.E.; Asimov, M.S. (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. IV. Motilal Banarsidass.
  • Bosworth, C. E. (1969). "The Ṭāhirids and Persian Literature". Iran. 7: 103–106. doi:10.2307/4299615. JSTOR 4299615.
  • Bosworth, C.E. (1975). "The Ṭāhirids and Ṣaffārids". In Frye, Richard N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–135. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
  • Bosworth, C.E. (1995). "Saffarids". The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. VIII:NED-SAM. Brill. pp. 795–798.
  • Bosworth, C. E. (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Columbia University Press.
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  • Canfield, Robert L. (1991). "Introduction: the Turko-Persian tradition". In Canfield, Robert L. (ed.). Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
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