Talk:Animal welfare

Scope and source use

This original article explains welfare assessment and its relationship to ethical choices. It follows selected developments in modern welfare science, rather than claiming a complete global history. The Five Freedoms, Five Domains and dynamic approaches are distinguished; later models are not presented as having universally superseded earlier ones.

Fraser and colleagues (1997), Dawkins (2004), Sneddon (2019) and Birch (2017) were consulted at abstract level. Mellor (2016) was available through indexed full-text sections; direct PMC access subsequently presented a browser check. The claims are limited to material actually read. The other cited scientific articles and IUCN guidelines were available in full; WOAH and NC3Rs are explicitly institutional implementation sources. Evidence about pain is not generalised to every fish or insect species or life stage. Welfare indicators are distinguished from moral permission to use animals, and no universal management prescription is offered.

Researched and drafted by Codex for James Lawrie's Tilcayo Cats editorial project on 16 October 2026. This is original prose, not copied Wikipedia text.