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Template:Infobox californium

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Californium, 98Cf
A very small disc of silvery metal, magnified to show its metallic texture
Californium
Pronunciation/ˌkæləˈfɔːrniəm/ Audio file "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-californium.wav" not found ​(KAL-ə-FOR-nee-əm)
Appearancesilvery
Mass number[251]
Californium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Dy
↑
Cf
↓
—
berkelium ← californium → einsteinium
Atomic number (Z)98
Groupf-block groups (no number)
Periodperiod 7
Block  f-block
Electron configuration[Rn] 5f10 7s2[1]
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point1173 K ​(900 °C, ​1652 °F)[2][3]
Boiling point1743 K ​(1470 °C, ​2678 °F) (estimation)[4]
Density (near r.t.)15.1 g/cm3[3]
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: +3
+2,[7] +4,[7] +5[5][6]
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.3[8]
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 608 kJ/mol[9]
  • 2nd: 1138.5 kJ/mol[10]
Covalent radius168 pm[11] (single-bond)
Van der Waals radius245 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of californium
Other properties
Natural occurrencesynthetic
Crystal structure ​double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp)
Mohs hardness3–4[12]
CAS Number7440-71-3[3]
History
Namingafter California, where it was discovered
DiscoveryS. G. Thompson, K. Street, Jr., A. Ghiorso and G. T. Seaborg (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) (1950)
First isolationR. G. Haire and R. D. Baybarz (1974)
Isotopes of californium
Main isotopes[13] Decay
Isotope abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
248Cf synth 333.5 d α100% 244Cm
SF<0.01% –
249Cf synth 351 y α100% 245Cm
SF≪0.01% –
250Cf synth 13.08 y α99.9% 246Cm
SF0.08% –
251Cf synth 898 y α 247Cm
252Cf synth 2.645 y α96.9% 248Cm
SF3.1% –
253Cf synth 17.81 d β−99.7% 253Es
α0.31% 249Cm
254Cf synth 60.5 d SF99.7% –
α0.31% 250Cm
File:Symbol category class.svg Category: Californium
| references
child table, as reused in {IB-Cf}
Main isotopes of californium
Main isotopes[13] Decay
Isotope abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
248Cf synth 333.5 d α100% 244Cm
SF<0.01% –
249Cf synth 351 y α100% 245Cm
SF≪0.01% –
250Cf synth 13.08 y α99.9% 246Cm
SF0.08% –
251Cf synth 898 y α 247Cm
252Cf synth 2.645 y α96.9% 248Cm
SF3.1% –
253Cf synth 17.81 d β−99.7% 253Es
α0.31% 249Cm
254Cf synth 60.5 d SF99.7% –
α0.31% 250Cm
Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt) caption:

alt:
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
File:Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01)
See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (0) · (this table:
)

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
  1. ↑ CRC 2006, p. 1.14.
  2. ↑ Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, p. 1263.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 CRC 2006, p. 4.56.
  4. ↑ Joseph Jacob Katz; Glenn Theodore Seaborg; Lester R. Morss (1986). The Chemistry of the actinide elements. Chapman and Hall. p. 1038. ISBN 9780412273704. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  5. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1265. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  6. ↑ Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem. 57 (15). American Chemical Society: 9453–9467. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450. OSTI 1631597. PMID 30040397. S2CID 51717837.
  7. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  8. ↑ Emsley 1998, p. 50.
  9. ↑ CRC 2006, p. 10.204.
  10. ↑ Rsc.org (2026). "Californium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table". periodic-table.rsc.org. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 30 September 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ↑ P. Pyykkö; M. Atsumi (2009). "Molecular Single-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements 1-118". Chemistry: A European Journal. 15 (1): 186–197. doi:10.1002/chem.200800987. PMID 19058281.
  12. ↑ CRC 1991, p. 254.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
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