Tooth decay

Tooth decay, or dental caries, is damage to the hard tissues of a tooth associated with acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque. The bacteria use sugars from food and drink, and repeated acid exposure can remove minerals from enamel. If the process progresses, a cavity can form.

Development

Teeth undergo cycles of mineral loss and replacement. Saliva supplies minerals including calcium and phosphate, while fluoride can help protect enamel and promote repair of early damage. Frequent exposure to fermentable food or drink can shift the balance towards continuing mineral loss.

An early lesion may appear as a white spot where enamel has lost minerals. At this stage the process can sometimes be arrested or reversed. A cavity represents a loss of tooth structure, rather than merely a temporary change in the enamel's mineral balance. The distinction is important because established cavities do not repair themselves in the same way as early mineral loss.

Effects and recognition

As it advances, sensitivity and pain can occur, and severe disease can lead to tooth loss. The appearance and symptoms depend on the location and extent of the damage. Dental examination is used to identify affected areas and assess their progression.

Prevention and treatment

Preventive measures address the conditions that favour decay, including plaque accumulation and frequent sugar exposure. Fluoride toothpaste and regular oral hygiene play an important part in prevention. Treatment depends on the lesion: early changes may be managed without drilling, while an established cavity may require removal of damaged tissue and a restoration. More extensive damage can require additional dental treatment.

Attribution

Adapted with reference to English Wikipedia, revision 1378929444 (contributors and history), under CC BY-SA 4.0. The prose has been rewritten and checked against the cited sources; changes have been made.