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Country code top-level domain

From Tilcayo Cats, the lean encyclopaedia by Tilcayo Knowledge Systems
"ccTLD" and "cc TLD" redirect here. For the TLD for the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, see .cc.
For a list of TLDs, see List of Internet top-level domains.

A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, or dependent territory identified with a country code. All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs.

Country code extension applications began in 1985. The registered country code extensions in that year included .il (Israel), .uk (United Kingdom) and .us (United States). The registered country code extensions in 1986 included .au (Australia), .de (Germany), .fi (Finland), .fr (France), .is (Iceland), .jp (Japan), .kr (South Korea), .nl (Netherlands) and .se (Sweden). The registered country code extensions in 1987 included .ar (Argentina), .ca (Canada), .ch (Switzerland), .cl (Chile), .dk (Denmark), .my (Malaysia), .nz (New Zealand) and .no (Norway).[1] The registered country code extensions in 1988 included .at (Austria), .be (Belgium), .es (Spain), .ie (Ireland), .it (Italy), .pt (Portugal), .sg (Singapore) and .th (Thailand). The registered country code extensions in 1989 included .br (Brazil), .in (India), .mx (Mexico) and .tw (Taiwan). In the 1990s, .ae (United Arab Emirates), .cn (People's Republic of China), .cz (Czech Republic), .hk (Hong Kong), .pl (Poland), .ru (Russian Federation), .tr (Turkey) and .za (South Africa) were first registered.

In 2018, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) began implementing internationalized country code top-level domains, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes. While gTLDs have to obey international regulations, ccTLDs are subjected to requirements that are determined by each country's domain name regulation corporation. With over 150 million domain name registrations in 2020, ccTLDs make up about 40% of the total domain name industry.[2]

By the late 2010s, ccTLDs were widely used across the web, including on sites built with hosted website builders and domain services such as Wix, IONOS and Bluehost, which support registering or connecting a range of domain extensions, including country-code domains.[3][4][5]

There are over 300 delegated ccTLDs. The .cn, .tk, .de, .uk, .nl and .ru ccTLDs contain the highest number of domains.[6][7] The top ten ccTLDs account for more than five-eighths of registered ccTLD domains.[6] There were about 153 million ccTLD domains registered at the end of March 2022.[8]

Delegation and management

IANA is responsible for determining an appropriate trustee for each ccTLD. Administration and control are then delegated to that trustee, which is responsible for the policies and operation of the domain. The current delegation can be determined from IANA's list of ccTLDs.[9] Individual ccTLDs may have varying requirements and fees for registering subdomains. There may be a local-presence requirement (for instance, citizenship or other connection to the ccTLD), as, for example, the United States (us), Japanese (jp), Canadian (ca), French (fr) and German (de) domains, or registration may be open.

Lists

As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. The number was 316 as of June 2020, with the addition of internationalized domains.[10]

Latin Character ccTLDs

Overview of Latin-character country-code TLDs
Name[11]
 Entity Explanation
Year
Registered
 Notes Registry[11] IDN DNSSEC SLD IPv6
.ac File:Flag of Ascension Island.svg Ascension Island (United Kingdom) Ascension Island Commonly used for academic websites, such as universities. However, .ac is not to be confused with the official academic domains used by several countries such as the United Kingdom (.ac.uk), India (.ac.in) or Indonesia (.ac.id). Also used in the accounting, consulting, and air-conditioning industries. Ascension Island Network Information Centre (run by Internet Computer Bureau) Yes Yes Yes Yes
.ad File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra Andorra Local trademark, trade name or citizenship required.[12][13] TLD commonly used for advertisement based websites. Nic.ad No Yes Yes
.ae File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates 1990+ .aeDA No No Yes
.af File:Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan Afghanistan No Yes Yes
.ag File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda Also unofficially used by German businesses (where AG is an abbreviation of Aktiengesellschaft). No Yes Yes
.ai File:Flag of Anguilla.svg Anguilla (United Kingdom) Anguilla Also unofficially used by tech companies specializing in AI (Artificial Intelligence). No Yes Yes
.al File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania Albania Citizenship no longer required. No Yes Yes
.am File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Armenia Also unofficially used by AM radio stations, podcasts or related business. No Yes Yes Yes
.an File:Flag of the Netherlands Antilles (1986–2010).svg Netherlands Antilles (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Nederlandse Antillen Restricted to registered Dutch companies, organisations and citizens No Yes Yes Yes
.ao File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola Angola No No Unknown
.aq File:Blank flag.svg Antarctica Antarctique Defined by the Antarctic Treaty as everything south of latitude 60°S. AQ domain names are available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and to other registrants who have a physical presence in Antarctica. Domain names can be registered and renewed free of charge. ? No Yes ?
.ar File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Argentina 1987 nic.ar Spanish[A] Yes Yes Yes
.as File:Flag of American Samoa.svg American Samoa (United States) American Samoa In some countries, like Norway and Denmark, "AS" or "A/S" is used as an abbreviation for stock-based or limited companies. Such companies will often make use of the domain. Also unofficially used by the Principality of Asturias, Spain. Also used for the short URLs of McDonald's in Australia (e.g. food service feedback form "macc.as/feedback"), after the colloquial name "Maccas" used in the region.[15] Yes Yes Yes
.at File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria Austria 1988 Nic.at Yes[B] Yes Yes Yes
.au File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Australia 1986 Restrictions apply. In general, registrants must have an "Australian presence", and can be registered anywhere between 1 and 5 years.[17] Includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Coral Sea Islands. Direct second-level domain registration (marketed as ".au Direct") has been made available commencing 24 March 2022.[18] auDA No Yes Yes (*From 24 Mar 2022)[18] Yes
.aw File:Flag of Aruba.svg Aruba (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Aruba, West Indies Restricted to registered Aruban companies, organisations and citizens No Yes Yes
.ax File:Flag of Åland.svg Åland (Finland) .al and .ad already allocated No Yes Yes
.az File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Only for Residents. Has no WHOIS-Server. No Yes Yes Yes
.ba File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina University of Sarajevo - University tele-informatic Centre No No Yes
.bb File:Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados Barbados No No Yes
.bd File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Bangladesh For individuals, registrant must have a valid NID. For companies, registrant must have company or trademark registered in Bangladesh. Yes Yes
[19]		 Yes Yes
.be File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Belgium 1988 Used for YouTube-related domains. Also unofficially used in the Canton of Bern, Switzerland. DNS Belgium Latin
[20]		 Yes Yes Yes
[21]
.bf File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso Burkina Faso No No Yes
.bg File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Bulgaria See also .бг (.bg in Cyrillic) for IDN ccTLD Yes Yes Yes
.bh File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Bahrain No Yes Yes
.bi File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi Burundi No Yes Yes
.bj File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin .be, .bn, and .bi already allocated No Yes Yes
.bl File:Flag of France.svg Saint Barthélemy (France) Saint Barthélemy No No
.bm File:Flag of Bermuda.svg Bermuda (United Kingdom) Bermuda Local corporate registration required No Yes Yes
.bn File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei Brunei No Yes No
.bo File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia Bolivia No No Yes
.bq File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Caribbean Netherlands (File:Flag of Bonaire.svg Bonaire, File:Flag of Saba.svg Saba, and File:Flag of Sint Eustatius.svg Sint Eustatius) .be and .bs already allocated
.br File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Brasil 1989 Restricted. Registration is done under several categories (i.e.: .edu.br for higher education institutions, .gov.br for government agencies, etc.).[22] Yes
[23]		 Yes No[C]
.bs File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas Bahamas No No Yes
.bt File:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan Bhutan Must have local presence in Bhutan, and valid trade license[24] No Yes No
.bu File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Burma Burma No No
.bv File:Flag of Norway.svg Bouvet Island Bouvet 1987 Norid Yes Yes Yes Yes
.bw File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana Botswana May also be used for the Province of Walloon Brabant, Wallonia, Belgium No Yes
[25]		 Yes
.by File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Byelorussia Also unofficially used to denote Bayern (Bavaria), Germany No Yes Yes
.bz File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize Belize Also unofficially used in the province of Bozen (or South Tyrol, see .st) No Yes Yes
.ca File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada Canada 1987 Subject to Canadian Presence Requirements. Also unofficially used by some websites in the U.S. state of California. CIRA French
[26]		 Yes Yes Yes
.cc File:Copyrighted flag.svg Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos Islands Australian territory: not to be confused with Cocos Island in Guam. Currently marketed as global domain, registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required; the domain is currently operated by eNIC, a VeriSign company. Yes Yes Yes
.cd File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo, Democratic Republic Also unofficially used for Compact disc-related domains. No No Yes
.cf File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic Central African Republic Also used as a free domain service to the public. Freenom (for free domains) Yes No Yes
.cg File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of the Congo Congo No No Yes
.ch File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Confoederatio Helvetica 1987 SWITCH Yes[D] Yes Yes
.ci File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast Côte d'Ivoire No Yes Yes
.ck File:Flag of the Cook Islands.svg Cook Islands Cook Islands No No Yes
.cl File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile Chile 1987 NIC Chile Yes Yes Yes Yes
.cm File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon Cameroon A local entity / company in Cameroon is required to register a domain name. No Yes Yes
.cn File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg People's Republic of China China 1990+ A local company in China is required to register a domain name, or for personal registrations a valid Resident Identity Card. See ICP license for more information regarding registrations. Hong Kong and Macau also maintain TLDs.

Also unofficially used for Cartoon Network-related domains.

CNNIC Yes Yes Yes Yes
.co File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Colombia Marketed as a global domain. Anyone can register. No Yes Yes
.cp File:Flag of France.svg Clipperton Island (France) Clipperton With Clipperton Island No Yes
.cq File:Flag of Sark (bordered).svg Sark Cerq No No Yes
.cr File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica Costa Rica No Yes Yes
.cs File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1992–2003); Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006).svg Serbia and Montenegro / File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechoslovakia Crna Gora, Srbija / Československo Still in use. Also unofficially used by Student Unions. Yes[E] Yes Yes Yes
.cu File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba Cuba No No Yes
.cv File:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg Cape Verde Cape Verde Also unofficially used for curriculum vitae-related domains. No No Yes
.cw File:Flag of Curaçao.svg Curaçao (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Curaçao, West Indies No Unknown
.cx File:Flag of Christmas Island.svg Christmas Island Christmas Xmas Made infamous from Goatse.cx No Yes Yes
.cy File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Cyprus No Yes Yes
.cz File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic Czechia 1990+ No[F] Yes Yes
.de File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany Deutschland (The native name for Germany) 1986 German postal address for administrative contact (admin-c) required. Proxy registrations are allowed. DENIC Yes[G] Yes Yes Yes
.dg Template:Country data Diego Garcia (United Kingdom) Diego Garcia Yes Yes Yes
.dj File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti Djibouti Also unofficially used by disc jockeys. No No Yes
.dk File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Danmark 1987 DK Hostmaster Yes[H] Yes Yes Yes
.dm File:Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica Dominica No Yes Yes
.do File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic Dominican No No Yes
.dz File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria El Djazair / Dzayer No Yes Yes
.ec File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador Ecuador In Japan, "EC" is used as an acronym for "electronic commerce". Because of that, it's used unofficially by companies dedicated to provide online stores like BASE, a company that has two domains related to e-commerce: "base.in" and "official.ec".[31] Nic.ec No Yes Yes
.ee File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Eesti Yes[I] Yes Yes
.eg File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Egypt No No Yes
.eh File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Western Sahara Español Sahara Unassigned No No No
.er File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea Eritrea Yes Yes
.es File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain España 1988 Red.es Yes
[33]		 Yes Yes
.et File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Ethiopia No Yes No
.eu File:Flag of Europe.svg European Union European Union Restricted to legal and natural persons in European Union member states. Previously unofficially used for sites in the Basque language, but now .eus is in official use. EURid Yes[J] Yes Yes Yes
[35]
.fi File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland Finland 1986 Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. TRAFICOM[36] Yes[K] Yes Yes Yes
.fj File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji Fiji No Yes Yes
.fk File:Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg Falkland Islands (United Kingdom) Falkland No No No
.fl Template:Country data Principality of Liechtenstein Fürstentum Liechtenstein No No No
.fm File:Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia Also unofficially used by FM radio stations, podcasts or related business. Yes Yes Yes
.fo File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg Faroe Islands (Kingdom of Denmark) Føroyar FO Council No Yes Yes
.fr File:Flag of France.svg France France 1986 Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[L] AFNIC Yes
[39]		 Yes Yes
.fx Template:Country data Metropolitan France .fr, .mf, and .tr already allocated 1986 Yes Yes
.ga File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon Gabon Yes Yes Yes
.gb File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Great Britain Great Britain[40] Yes Yes Yes
.gd File:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada Grenada No Yes Yes
.ge File:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia Georgia Available for registration for resident and non-resident natural person or legal entity.[41] No Yes Yes
.gf File:Flag of France.svg French Guiana (France) Guyane Française No No
.gg File:Flag of Guernsey.svg Guernsey .gu, .gs, and .gy already allocated Also unofficially used by video game-related websites (see GG (gaming)) Island Networks Ltd. Yes Yes Yes
.gh File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Ghana No No No
.gi File:Flag of Gibraltar.svg Gibraltar (United Kingdom) Gibraltar No Yes Yes
.gl File:Flag of Greenland.svg Greenland (Kingdom of Denmark) Greenland Previously also unofficially used in Galicia, Spain, but now .gal has been approved for such use and was implemented in mid-2014 No Yes Yes
.gm File:Flag of The Gambia.svg The Gambia Gambia Domain name should match the domain owner's name or trademarks. Common nouns are blocked. No No Yes
.gn File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea Guinea A local contact is required No Yes No
.gp File:Flag of Guadeloupe (local).svg Guadeloupe (France) Guadeloupe Still used for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin No No Yes
.gq File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea Guinée équatoriale Also used as a free domain service to the public. Yes No
.gr File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Greece Yes[M] Yes Yes
.gs File:Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands No Yes Yes
.gt File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Guatemala Yes No Yes Yes
.gu File:Flag of Guam.svg Guam (United States) Guam No No No
.gw File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau Gine-Bisaawo No Yes Yes
.gy File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana Guyana No Yes Yes
.hk File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong Hong Kong 1990+ Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Ltd. Yes Yes Yes Yes
.hm File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Heard Island and McDonald Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Unused for its intended purposes (islands are uninhabited and government sites instead use .aq); registry open to the public. No No Yes
.hn File:Flag of Honduras (1949–2022, 2026–present).svg Honduras Honduras No Yes Yes
.hr File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Hrvatska No Yes Yes
.ht File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti Haiti Yes No Yes
.hu File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Hungary Citizens of the European Union or entities established by law within the territory of the EU Yes
[43]		 Yes Yes
.ic File:Flag of the Canary Islands.svg Canary Islands Las Islas Canarias 1988 Yes Yes Yes
.id File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Indonesia Restricted to Indonesian companies (co.id), organisations (or.id), academic (ac.id & sch.id) and citizens (biz.id, my.id & web.id). Second-level domains are becoming available now and opened to general registration on 17 August 2014.[44] PANDI Yes Yes Yes
.ie File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Ireland 1988 In 2002, registration was expanded to include persons or businesses with a "real and substantive" connection with the island of Ireland (including Northern Ireland).[45][46] Yes Yes Yes Yes
.il File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel Israel 1985 Yes Yes Yes
.im File:Flag of the Isle of Man.svg Isle of Man Isle of Man No No Yes
.in File:Flag of India.svg India India 1989 Under INRegistry since April 2005 (except for gov.in, nic.in, mil.in, ac.in, edu.in, res.in). NIXI[47] Yes
[48]		 Yes Yes Yes
.io File:Flag of the British Indian Ocean Territory 2025.svg British Indian Ocean Territory (United Kingdom) Indian Ocean Used unofficially by technology companies, startups, and web applications because IO can be an acronym for input / output that is useful for domain hacks. NIC.IO (run by Internet Computer Bureau) Yes Yes Yes
.iq File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq Iraq No Partial[N] Yes
.ir File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran Iran IRNIC Yes No Yes
.is File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Ísland 1986 Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example it.is, that.is, etc.). ISNIC Yes Yes Yes
.it File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Italy 1988 Restricted to companies and individuals in the European Union. Yes
[49]		 Yes
[50]		 Yes Yes
.ja File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica Jamaica No No No
.je File:Flag of Jersey.svg Jersey Jersey Island Networks Ltd. Yes No Yes
.jm File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica Jamaica No No No
.jo File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Jordan No Yes
.jp File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan Japan 1986 Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Japan. Japan Registry Services Yes Yes Yes Yes
[51]
.ke File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Kenya No No
[52]		 No
.kg File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan No Yes Yes
.kh File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Khmer No No No
.ki File:Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati Kiribati No Yes Yes
.km File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros Komori No No Yes
.kn File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis No No Yes
.kp File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea Korea, Democratic People's Republic Restricted to companies, organizations, or government entities based in North Korea. Despite this, few domains are actually registered because of internet censorship in North Korea. No No No No
.kr File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea Korea, Republic 1986 Yes Yes Yes
.kw File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait Kuwait Yes No
.ky File:Flag of the Cayman Islands.svg Cayman Islands (United Kingdom) .ci and .cy already allocated No Yes Yes
.kz File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Yes No Yes
.la File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos Laos Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Los Angeles.[53] Yes Yes
.lb File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Lebanon Restricted to registration with a company in Lebanon Yes No
.lc File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia Saint Lucia Yes Yes
.li File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Also unofficially used by entities on Long Island, New York or people with the last name Li. In Russian, li can be used to create domain names that mean a verb with a past tense plural ending li . SWITCH Yes Yes Yes
.lk File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Yes Yes Yes
.lr File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia Liberia Partial[N] No
.ls File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho Lesotho No No
.lt File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Lietuva Yes Yes Yes
.lu File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Luxembourg Also unofficially used in Lucerne, Switzerland Yes Yes Yes
.lv File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Latvija IMCS UL Yes Yes Yes
.ly File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya Libya Used unofficially as a domain hack for words ending in -ly. Yes Yes
.ma File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Maroc / Al-Maghrib 1992[54] The registrar must be based in Morocco or have a legal representative in the country.

WHOIS privacy is prohibited by the national regulator.[55][56]

ANRT (Agence nationale de réglementation des télécommunications) Partial[O] Yes
[57]		 Yes Yes
.mc File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco Monaco Only for companies with a trademark registered in Monaco. Yes Yes
.md File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova Moldova Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Moldova. Yes Yes
.me File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro Montenegro Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example love.me, meet.me, etc.). Yes Yes
.mf File:Flag of France.svg Saint Martin (France) Saint Martin, French Yes Yes Yes
.mg File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar Madagascar Restricted to registration with a company in Madagascar NIC-MG No Yes
.mh File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands Marshall Inactive No
.mk File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia Makedonija Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union. No Yes
.ml File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Mali Also used as a free domain service to the public. Freenom (for free domains) Yes No Yes
.mm File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar Myanmar No No
.mn File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia Mongolia The second-level domains .gov.mn, .org.mn, and .edu.mn are reserved for special use. See .mn for more information. Yes Yes
.mo File:Flag of Macau.svg Macau Macao Registrants must have a registered business in Macau, with the same name as the domain they wish to register. Macao Post and Telecommunications Bureau (CTT) Yes No Yes Yes
.mp File:Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg Northern Mariana Islands (United States) Marianas Pacific No Yes
.mq File:Flag-of-Martinique.svg Martinique (France) Martinique No No
.mr File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania Mauritania Yes Yes
.ms File:Flag of Montserrat.svg Montserrat (United Kingdom) Montserrat Also unofficially used for Microsoft-related domains. No Yes
.mt File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta Malta No No
.mu File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius Mauritius No Yes
.mv File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives Maldives No Yes
.mw File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi Malawi No Yes
.mx File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Mexico 1989 Yes Yes
.my File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia Malaysia 1987 Restricted to registration by an individual or company in Malaysia MYNIC Yes
[58]		 Yes Yes
.mz File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique Mozambique No No
.na File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia Namibia Yes Yes
.nc File:Flags of New Caledonia.svg New Caledonia (France) New Caledonia Restricted to companies that have a New Caledonian Business Registration Certificate or individuals living in New Caledonia for at least 6 months. Yes Yes
.ne File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger Niger No Yes
.nf File:Flag of Norfolk Island.svg Norfolk Island Norfolk Yes Yes
.ng File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria Nigeria No Yes
.ni File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Nicaragua No No
.nl File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg The Netherlands Nederland 1986 First active country-code domain outside the US.[59] No Yes Yes Yes
.no File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway Norge 1987 Businesses and professionals must be registered as an approved type of organization in the Brønnøysund Register Centre. Individual applicants must be of age (18 years) and be registered in Folkeregisteret. All applicants must have a Norwegian postal address. Norid Yes Yes Yes Yes
.np File:Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal Nepal All .np domains are free to register for individuals and registered businesses. Foreign businesses must provide proof of local presence in Nepal. No No
.nr File:Flag of Nauru.svg Nauru Nauru Was previously used as a free domain service to the public as co.nr.[60] No Yes
.nu File:Flag of Niue.svg Niue Niue Commonly used by Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites, because in their languages "nu" means "now". The Swedish Internet Foundation Yes
[61]		 Yes Yes Yes
.nz File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand New Zealand 1987 Māori
[62]		 Yes Yes
[63]		 Yes
.om File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman Oman Registrant must have company or trademark registered in Oman as well as a local administrative contact. No No
.pa File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama Panama Some use in Pennsylvania No No
.pe File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru Peru Also unofficially used for Private Equity-related businesses. Yes Yes Yes
.pf File:Flag of French Polynesia.svg French Polynesia (France) Polynésie française With Clipperton Island No Yes
.pg File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea No No
.ph File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Philippines Yes Yes
.pk File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan Pakistan Operated by PKNIC since 1992 No Yes
.pl File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland Poland 1990+ Yes
[64]		 Yes Yes
.pm Template:Country data Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France) Saint Pierre and Miquelon Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.[L] AFNIC Yes Yes
.pn File:Flag of the Pitcairn Islands.svg Pitcairn Islands (United Kingdom) Pitcairn As a part of a marketing campaign, Lionsgate used the TLD for some (now defunct) sites related to The Hunger Games franchise, presenting it as the "official" country code of the fictional nation of Panem; notable sites included thecapitol.pn and revolution.pn. No Yes
.pr File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg Puerto Rico (United States) Puerto Rico Yes Yes
.ps File:Flag of Palestine.svg Palestine
[65]		 Palestine Jerusalem, West Bank and Gaza Strip. No Yes
.pt File:Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal Portugal 1988 Associação DNS.PT Portuguese Yes Yes Yes
[66]
.pw File:Flag of Palau.svg Palau Pelew Yes Yes Yes Yes
[67]
.py File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay Paraguay No No
.qa File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar Qatar No No
.re File:Proposed flag of Réunion (VAR).svg Réunion (France) Réunion Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.[L] AFNIC Yes
[39]		 Yes Yes
.rh File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti Republic of Haiti Yes No Yes
.ri File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Republic of Indonesia Yes No Yes
.ro File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Romania Yes
[68]		 Yes
[69]		 Yes Yes
[70]
.rs File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Republika Srbija See also .срб (.srb in Cyrillic). Also unofficially used for Rust (programming language)-related domains. Yes Yes Yes Yes
.ru File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Russia 1990+ See also .su, still in use, and .рф, for IDN. No Yes Yes Yes
.rw File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda Rwanda RICTA No Yes
.sa File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Registrant must have a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name to register or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia or for personal registrations a copy of valid ID. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. 2LD registrations rolled out in 2011.[71] Arabic
[20]		 Yes
[72]		 Yes Yes
[73]
.sb File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands Solomon Islands, British Yes No
.sc File:Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles Seychelles Also unofficially used for Snapchat-related domains. Yes Yes
.sd File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan Sudan No Yes
.se File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden Sverige 1986 The Swedish Internet Foundation Yes[P] Yes Yes Yes
.sg File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Singapore 1988 Also unofficially used in the Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland Yes Yes
.sh File:Flag of Saint Helena.svg Saint Helena (United Kingdom) Saint Helena NIC.SH (run by Internet Computer Bureau) Yes
[75]		 Yes Yes
.si File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia Slovenia Yes[Q] Yes Yes
.sj Template:Country data Svalbard and Jan Mayen Svalbard and Jan Mayen 1987 Norid Yes Yes Yes Yes
.sk File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Slovensko Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.[L] Yes Yes Yes
.sl File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone Sierra Leone No Yes
.sm File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino San Marino Domain name must be same as company name or trademark. No Yes
.sn File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Senegal Registration allowed for companies only. Individuals are not allowed to register. Yes Yes
.so File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia Somalia Relaunched on 1 November 2010. SONIC No No Yes
.sr File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname Suriname No Yes
.ss File:Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan South Sudan Yes
.st File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé Also unofficially used in South Tyrol (or province of Bozen, see .bz). Yes No Yes
.su File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union Soviet Union Still in use. Also unofficially used by Student Unions. Yes[R] Yes Yes Yes
[78]
.sv File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador Salvador No No
.sx File:Flag of Sint Maarten.svg Sint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands) .sm, .ma, and .mt already allocated; airport code is SXM Yes No
.sy File:Flag of Syria (2025-).svg Syria Syria No Yes
.sz File:Flag of Eswatini.svg Eswatini Swaziland Registration is restricted to Eswatini organizations with Eswatini Trading Licenses. No No
.ta File:Flag of Tristan da Cunha.svg Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Tristan da Cunha Yes Yes
.tc File:Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom) Turks and Caicos Also marketed in Turkey. The official abbreviation of 'Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' (Republic of Turkey) is TC. No Yes
.td File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad Tchad Available for registration to entities connected with Chad only. No Yes
.tf File:Flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.svg French Southern and Antarctic Lands Terres australes et antarctiques françaises Seldom used. Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. The domain also sees frequent use for community-run sites related to the video game Team Fortress 2.[L] AFNIC Yes
[39]		 Yes Yes
.tg File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo Togo No Yes
.th File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Thai 1988 Yes Yes No
.tj File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Tajik No Yes
.tk File:Flag of Tokelau.svg Tokelau Tokelau Also used as a free domain service to the public. Freenom (for free domains) Yes No Yes
.tl File:Flag of East Timor.svg East Timor Timor-Leste Old code .tp has been deactivated since 2015. Yes Yes
.tm File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Turkmen Yes
[79]		 Yes Yes
.tn File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia Tunisia Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Tamil Nadu[80] Yes Yes Yes Yes
.to File:Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga Tonga Often used unofficially for Torrent, Turin (Torino in Italian), Toronto, Tokyo, or Tocantins, and also as a domain hack in Slavic languages (to meaning it). Yes No Yes
.tr File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Turkey 1990+ .ct.tr and .nc.tr used by Northern Cyprus Yes[S] Yes[T] Yes Yes[U]
.tt File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Yes Yes
.tv File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg Tuvalu Tuvalu Used as an abbreviation of television, the domain is currently operated by dotTV, a VeriSign company; the Tuvalu government owns twenty percent of the company. Yes Yes
.tw File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan Taiwan 1989 Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. In line with ISO 3166-1, IANA's official position is that "TW" is "designated for use to represent Taiwan, Province of China".[84] TWNIC Yes[V] Yes Yes Yes
.tz File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania Tanzania TLD registrations allowed as of July 2022, no local presence in Tanzania required. TCRA Yes No
.ua File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Ukraina Hostmaster Ltd. Yes Yes
.ug File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda Uganda Uganda Online Ltd. Yes Yes
.um File:Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg United States Minor Outlying Islands (United States) U.S. Minor Outlying Islands 1985 Registrants must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Formerly commonly used by U.S. State and local governments, see also .gov TLD. Go Daddy Yes Yes
.un File:Flag of the United Nations.svg United Nations United Nations No Yes Yes
.uk File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg United Kingdom United Kingdom 1985 The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB (for Great Britain). UK is a specially reserved ISO 3166-1 code. However, the creation of the .uk TLD predates the ISO 3166-1 list of ccTLD and is the primary TLD for the United Kingdom.[40] Nominet UK Yes Yes Yes
.us File:Flag of the United States.svg USA U.S. 1985 Registrants must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Formerly commonly used by U.S. State and local governments, see also .gov TLD. Go Daddy Yes Yes
.uy File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay Uruguay 2LD rollout began on 10 July 2012.[86] Yes Yes
.uz File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Uzinfocom Yes Yes
.va File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg Vatican City Vatican Limited to the official sites of the Holy See (including those of the Vatican City State). No No
.vc File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Vincent Partial[N] Yes
.ve File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela Venezuela Registration is at the third level. Yes No
.vg File:Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom) Virgin Islands No Yes
.vi File:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg United States Virgin Islands (United States) Virgin Islands No Yes
.vn File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Viet Nam Yes
[87]		 Yes Yes
.vu File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu Vanuatu Yes Yes
.wf File:Flag of Wallis and Futuna.svg Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.[L] AFNIC Yes
[39]		 Yes Yes
.ws File:Flag of Samoa.svg Samoa Western Samoa Marketed for use in general Websites Yes Yes
[88]		 Yes
.xk File:Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo .ka, .ks, .kv and .ko already allocated Yes Yes Yes
.ye File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Yemen No No
.yt File:Flag of France.svg Mayotte Mayotte Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[L] Also unofficially used for YouTube-related domains. AFNIC Yes
[39]		 Yes Yes
.yu File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Still in use. Yes[W] Yes Yes Yes
.za File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Zuid-Afrika 1990+ .za derives from the Dutch name of the country, even though Dutch is no longer an official language. ZA Domain Name Authority[89][90][91] Yes Yes
.zm File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia Zambia No Yes[X]
.zr File:Flag of Zaire (1971–1997).svg Zaire Zaire No No Yes
.zw File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe Zimbabwe No No
Name
 Entity Explanation
Year
Registered
 Notes Registry IDN DNSSEC SLD IPv6

Table Notes

Table columns – legend
Name DNS name of the two-letter country-code top-level domain.[Y]
Entity Country, dependency, or region
Explanation Explanation of the code when it is not self-evident from the English name of the country. These are usually domains that arise from native name of the country.[Z]
Notes General remarks
Registry Domain name registry operator, sometimes called a network information center (NIC)
IDN Support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
DNSSEC Presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
SLD Second level domain[clarification needed]
IPv6 Registry fully supports IPv6 access
  1. ↑ 17 November 2009, Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law.[14]
  2. ↑ Mostly latin characters (à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ œ š ž), see[16]
  3. ↑ Currently not allowed, but some higher-learning institutions were grandfathered-in.
  4. ↑ Since March 2004, see[27]
  5. ↑ (28 April 2008)
  6. ↑ IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest[28]
  7. ↑ 93 non-ASCII characters, see[29]
  8. ↑ 1 January 2004, support æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, & é: see[30]
  9. ↑ Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN) starting from 13 June 2011[32]
  10. ↑ Supported characters: Latin, Greek, & Cyrillic; see[34]
  11. ↑ September 2005, supported characters: š, ž, å, ä, ö and Sami language; see[37]
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 (6 December 2011)[38]
  13. ↑ Support for Greek characters since July 2005; see[42]
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Delegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone has not yet been published.
  15. ↑ Only supports Accented Latin, no support for Arabic script as of July 2026.
  16. ↑ October 2003, for Swedish characters, summer 2007 also for Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Sami, and Yiddish; see[74]
  17. ↑ Since October 2010, see[76]
  18. ↑ (28 April 2008) see[77]
  19. ↑ 14 November 2006; see[81]
  20. ↑ 14 March 2023; see[82]
  21. ↑ 21 July 2015; see[83]
  22. ↑ Traditional Chinese characters: see[85]
  23. ↑ (28 April 2008)
  24. ↑ Restricted to ISPs and other undefined entities. See .zm .
  25. ↑ They follow ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, with some exceptions such as ".ac" for Ascension Island, ".eu" for the European Union, or ".uk" for United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland instead of ".gb". ISO codes bl, mf, gb, and um are not used for country code top-level domains.
  26. ↑ e.g. .de for Deutschland, German language name for Germany.

Internationalized ccTLDs

Internationalized country code top-level domains[92]
DNS name IDN ccTLD Country/Region Language Script Transliteration Comments Other ccTLD DNSSEC
xn--lgbbat1ad8j .الجزائر File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Jazā'ir .dz No
xn--y9a3aq .հայ File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Armenian Armenian hay .am Yes
xn--mgbcpq6gpa1a .البحرين File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Arabic Arabic al-Baḥrain Not in use .bh Yes
xn--54b7fta0cc .বাংলা File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Bengali Bengali Bangla .bd No
xn--90ais .бел File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Belarusian Cyrillic bel .by Yes
xn--90ae .бг[93] File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Bulgarian Cyrillic bg .bg Yes
xn--fiqs8s .中国 File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Zhōngguó .cn Yes
xn--fiqz9s .中國 File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Zhōngguó .cn Yes
xn--wgbh1c .مصر File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Miṣr / Maṣr[94] .eg Yes
xn--e1a4c .ею File:Flag of Europe.svg European Union Bulgarian Cyrillic eyu .eu Yes
xn--qxa6a .ευ File:Flag of Europe.svg European Union Greek Greek ey In use since 2022 .eu Yes
xn--node .გე File:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia Georgian Georgian (Mkhedruli) GE .ge No
xn--qxam .ελ[93] File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Greek Greek el In use since July 2018 .gr Yes
xn--j6w193g .香港 File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) Hoeng1 gong2 / Xiānggǎng .hk Yes
xn--h2brj9c .भारत File:Flag of India.svg India Hindi Devanagari Bhārat Became available 27 August 2014[95] .in Yes
xn--mgbbh1a71e .بھارت File:Flag of India.svg India Urdu Arabic (Urdu) Bhārat Became available 2017 .in Yes
xn--fpcrj9c3d .భారత్ File:Flag of India.svg India Telugu Telugu Bhārat Became available 2017 .in Yes
xn--gecrj9c .ભારત File:Flag of India.svg India Gujarati Gujarati Bhārat Became available 2017 .in Yes
xn--s9brj9c .ਭਾਰਤ File:Flag of India.svg India Punjabi Gurmukhī Bhārat Became available 2017 .in Yes
xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h .இந்தியா File:Flag of India.svg India Tamil Tamil Intiyā Became available 2015 .in Yes
xn--45brj9c .ভারত File:Flag of India.svg India Bengali Bengali Bharôt Became available 2017 .in Yes
xn--2scrj9c .ಭಾರತ File:Flag of India.svg India Kannada Kannada Bhārata Became available 2020 .in Yes
xn--rvc1e0am3e .ഭാരതം File:Flag of India.svg India Malayalam Malayalam Bhāratam Became available 2020 .in Yes
xn--45br5cyl .ভাৰত File:Flag of India.svg India Assamese Bengali Bharatam Became available 2022 .in Yes
xn--3hcrj9c .ଭାରତ File:Flag of India.svg India Oriya Oriya Bhārat Became available 2021 .in Yes
xn--mgbbh1a .بارت File:Flag of India.svg India Kashmiri Arabic (Kashmiri) Bārat Became available 2022 .in Yes
xn--h2breg3eve .भारतम् File:Flag of India.svg India Sanskrit Devanagari Bhāratam Became available 2022 .in Yes
xn--h2brj9c8c .भारोत File:Flag of India.svg India Santali Devanagari Bharot Became available 2022 .in Yes
xn--mgbgu82a .ڀارت File:Flag of India.svg India Sindhi Arabic (Sindhi) Bhārat Became available 2022 .in Yes
xn--mgba3a4f16a .ایران File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran Persian Arabic (Persian) Īrān .ir No
xn--mgbtx2b .عراق File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq Arabic Arabic (Arabic) ʿIrāq Not in use .iq No
xn--4dbrk0ce .ישראל File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel Hebrew Hebrew Israel Became available 2022 .il Yes
xn--mgbayh7gpa .الاردن File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Urdun .jo No
xn--80ao21a .қаз File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Kazakh Cyrillic (Kazakh) qaz .kz No
xn--q7ce6a .ລາວ File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos Lao Lao Lao Became available 2020 .la Yes
xn--mix082f .澳门 File:Flag of Macau.svg Macao Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Ou3 mun4 / Àomén Not in use .mo No
xn--mix891f .澳門 File:Flag of Macau.svg Macao Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Ou3 mun4 / Àomén Became available 2020 .mo No
xn--mgbx4cd0ab .مليسيا File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia Malay Arabic (Jawi) Malaysīyā .my Yes
xn--mgbah1a3hjkrd .موريتانيا File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Mūrītāniyā .mr Yes
xn--l1acc .мон File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia Mongolian Cyrillic (Mongolian) mon .mn Yes
xn--mgbc0a9azcg .المغرب File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Maġrib .ma No
xn--d1alf .мкд File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia Macedonian Cyrillic (Macedonian) mkd .mk No
xn--mgb9awbf .عمان File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman Arabic Arabic (Arabic) ʿUmān .om No
xn--mgbai9azgqp6j .پاکستان File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan Urdu Arabic (Urdu) Pākistān .pk Yes
xn--ygbi2ammx .فلسطين Template:Country data Palestinian Authority Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Filasṭīn .ps No
xn--wgbl6a .قطر File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Qaṭar .qa No
xn--p1ai .рф File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Russian Cyrillic (Russian) rf .ru Yes
xn--mgberp4a5d4ar .السعودية File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Arabic Arabic (Arabic) as-Suʿūdīya .sa Yes
xn--90a3ac .срб File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Serbian Cyrillic (Serbian) srb .rs Yes
xn--yfro4i67o .新加坡 File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) Xīnjiāpō .sg Yes
xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd .சிங்கப்பூர் File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Tamil Tamil Cinkappūr .sg Yes
xn--3e0b707e .한국 File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea Korean Hangul Han-guk .kr Yes
xn--fzc2c9e2c .ලංකා File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka Sinhala Sinhala Lanka .lk No
xn--xkc2al3hye2a .இலங்கை File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka Tamil Tamil Ilaṅkai .lk No
xn--mgbpl2fh .سودان File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Sūdān .sd No
xn--ogbpf8fl .سورية File:Flag of Syria (2025-).svg Syria Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Sūriyya .sy No
xn--kprw13d .台湾 File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Táiwān .tw Yes
xn--kpry57d .台灣 File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Táiwān .tw Yes
xn--o3cw4h .ไทย File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Thai Thai Thai .th Yes
xn--pgbs0dh .تونس File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Tūnis .tn Yes
xn--j1amh .укр File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Ukrainian Cyrillic (Ukrainian) ukr .ua No
xn--mgbaam7a8h .امارات File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Imārāt .ae No
xn--mgb2ddes .اليمن File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Yaman Not delegated .ye No
Table notes

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

Main article: Proposed top-level domain § Internationalized country code top-level domains

Internationalised domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.

Relation to ISO 3166-1

The IANA is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as a basis for country code top-level domain names was made with the knowledge that ISO has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list.

— Jon Postel, RFC 1591[96]

Unused ISO 3166-1 codes

Almost all current ISO 3166-1 codes have been assigned and do exist in DNS. However, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency Bouvet Island (bv) and the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen (sj) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is Norid policy to not assign any at present.[97][98] Two French territories—bl (Saint Barthélemy) and mf (Saint Martin)—still await local assignment by France's government.

The code eh, although eligible as ccTLD for Western Sahara, has never been assigned and does not exist in DNS. Only one subdomain is still registered in gb[99] (ISO 3166-1 for the United Kingdom), and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the United Kingdom generally use uk (see below).

The former .um ccTLD for the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands was removed in April 2008. Under RFC 1591 rules, .um is eligible as a ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental agency and local Internet user community.

ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1

Several ASCII ccTLDs are in use that are not ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were specified in older versions of the ISO list.

  • uk (United Kingdom): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. However, the JANET network had already selected uk as a top-level identifier for its pre-existing Name Registration Scheme, and this was incorporated into the DNS root. gb was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use of uk is now entrenched.[100]
  • su This obsolete ISO 3166 code for the Soviet Union was assigned when the Soviet Union still existed; moreover, new su registrations are accepted.
  • ac (Ascension Island): This code is a vestige of IANA's decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserve list for use by the Universal Postal Union. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs, gg (Guernsey), im (Isle of Man) and je (Jersey) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.)
  • eu (European Union): On September 25, 2000, ICANN decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU currently meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but a registry (named EURid) was chosen by the European Commission, and criteria for allocation set: ICANN approved eu as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all in the European Economic Area.

Historical ccTLDs

ccTLDs may be removed if that country ceases to exist. There are three ccTLDs that have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO 3166-1: cs (for Czechoslovakia), zr (for Zaire) and tp (for East Timor). There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from the DNS; for example, ZR ceased to be an ISO 3166-1 code in 1997, but the zr ccTLD was not deleted until 2001. Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 codes have not yet been deleted. In some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause for a heavily used ccTLD. In particular, the Soviet Union's ccTLD su remains in use more than twenty years after SU was removed from ISO 3166-1.

The historical country codes .dd for the German Democratic Republic and yd for South Yemen were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see also .de and ye.

The temporary reassignment of country code cs (Serbia and Montenegro) until its split into rs and me (Serbia and Montenegro, respectively) led to some controversies[101][102] about the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used in language tags in 2006.

The previous ISO 3166-1 code for Yugoslavia, YU, was removed by ISO on 23 July 2003, but the yu ccTLD remained in operation. Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbian rs and Montenegrin me, the .yu domain was phased out in March 2010.

Australia was originally assigned the oz country code, which was later changed to au with the .oz domains moved to .oz.au.

Internationalized ccTLDs

An internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end user application, such as a web browser, in its native language script or a non-alphabetic writing system, such as Latin script (.us, .uk and .br), Indic script (.भारत) and Korean script (.한국), etc. IDN ccTLDs are an application of the internationalized domain name (IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, including the United Kingdom, or independent geographic regions.

ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009,[103] and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010. The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 languages.[104]

ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does not resemble a Latin letter, or have at least three letters, in an effort to avoid IDN homograph attacks. Nor shall the international domain name look like another domain name, even if they have different alphabets. Between Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, for example, this could happen.

Generic ccTLDs

Generic Country Code Top-Level Domain or gccTLD refers to those TLDs which are technically "non-restricted ccTLDs" but used like traditional generic TLDs (gTLDs) rather than "country"-targeted ones.[105][106][107] Most of the gccTLDs are primarily used as domain hacks:

gccTLD Country/Region Domain hacks
.ac Ascension Island
.ad Andorra advertising
.ag Antigua and Barbuda Aktiengesellschaft (German for corporation)
.ai Anguilla Artificial intelligence
.am Armenia
.as American Samoa
.az Azerbaijan Arizona
.bz Belize
.cc Cocos (Keeling) Islands
.cd Congo Compact disc
.co Colombia
.cu Cuba see you
.cv Cape Verde curriculum vitae
.dj Djibouti Disc jockey
.fm Federated States of Micronesia
.ga Gabon Georgia
.gg Bailiwick of Guernsey
.hr Croatia Human resources
.io British Indian Ocean Territory
.is Iceland it.is, that.is, etc.
.it Italy Information technology
.kg Kyrgyzstan Keygen
.la Laos
.ly Libya words ending in -ly
.md Moldova
.me Montenegro
.ms Montserrat
.mv Maldives music video
.nu Niue
  • new
  • now
  • nude
.pe Peru Private Equity
.pn Pitcairn Phone number
.ps Palestine PostScript

Photoshop

PlayStation

.pw Palau Pwned (leet speak)
.re Réunion Reverse engineering
.rs Serbia
.sc Seychelles
.sh Saint Helena Shell
.sk Slovakia Saskatchewan
.sx Sint Maarten sex
.tf French Southern and Antarctic Lands
.tk Tokelau
.tm Turkmenistan Trademark
.to Tonga link-to
.tv Tuvalu television and broadcasts
.ws Western Samoa
  • website
  • websocket
  • world site
  • west
.yt Mayotte YouTube

Unconventional usage

Main article: Vanity URL

Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in various domain hacks. Domain names such as I.am, tip.it, start.at and go.to form well-known English phrases, whereas others combine the second-level domain and ccTLD to form one word or one title, creating domains such as blo.gs of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (gs), youtu.be of Belgium (be), del.icio.us of the United States (us), and cr.yp.to of Tonga (to). The .co domain of Colombia has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor to generic TLDs for commercial use, because it may be an abbreviation for company.[108]

Several ccTLDs allow the creation of emoji domains.

Some ccTLDs may also be used for typosquatting. The domain cm for Cameroon has generated interest due to the possibility that people might miss typing the letter o for sites in the com.[109]

Commercial use

Some of the world's smallest countries and non-sovereign or colonial entities with their own country codes have opened their TLDs for worldwide commercial use. Some of them, such as .tk, are free.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "ccTLD". ICANN (iana.org). 2012-02-25. Archived from the original on 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  2. ↑ The Domain Name Industry Report (PDF). verisign.com (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-31. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  3. ↑ "Leading ccTLDs by number of domains 2025". Statista. 2025-09-11. Retrieved 2026-04-24.
  4. ↑ "Best Free Domain Registrars in 2026: What's Actually Free & What Isn't". Cybernews. 2026-02-20. Retrieved 2026-04-24.
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  7. ↑ "The Top 10 ccTLDs Powering the European Domain Market". dotmagazine – joining the dots in the Internet industry. Retrieved 2026-05-20.
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  17. ↑ "Rules for .au Domains". Archived from the original on 2019-07-31. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
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  31. ↑ BASE. "BASE (ベイス) | ネットショップを無料で簡単に作成". BASE (ベイス) | ネットショップを無料で簡単に作成 (in 日本語). Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  32. ↑ "Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN)". Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  33. ↑ "Other applicable Regulations". dominios.es. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
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  38. ↑ "Opening to Europe of the .fr, .wf, .re, .yt, .pm, and .tf TLDs". Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
    Previously restricted to residents of the corresponding French territory.
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