List of sovereign states by research and development spending
This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in real terms, based on data published by the World Bank, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Definition
According to the World Bank: “Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research and experimental development.”[1]
According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: “Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, universities and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy.”[2]
List (PPP terms)
As of 2024, the following list ranks countries based on their research and development spendings in purchasing power parity:
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List (% of GDP)
The following table provides information on R&D spending, based on data published by the World Bank,[3] and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.[2] The indicator is measured in USD constant prices using the 2015 base year and purchasing power parities (PPPs) by OECD and as percentage of GDP. As of 2024, Israel leads the world in R&D spending as a percentage of GDP, followed by South Korea, the United States, Japan, Belgium and Sweden.
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See also
- Business R&D intensity by country
- List of companies by research and development spending
- List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles
- List of countries by number of scientists and researchers
- List of U.S. states by research and development spending
- Science of science policy
- Science policy
- Tertiary education#Statistics
References
- ↑ World Bank. "Metadata Glossary | Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 World Bank. "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2026-08-25.
- ↑ "Gross domestic spending on R&D (% of GDP)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2026-08-25.
- ↑ "Gross domestic spending on R&D (Million US dollars)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2026-08-25.